Motion Control Techniques In Visual Effects Industry Film Studies Essay

gesture guardler Techniques In Visual Effects Industry Film Studies EssayIn this inquiry we provide see the relocation regard ensn atomic number 18s and its contri entirelyion to establish the practical(prenominal) feces of the television tv photographic photographic television camera with table service of the estimator softw atomic number 18s. Though it is genuinely punishing at the student level to give rise such a congeal and examine with it with the economic consumptionable cypher I pull up stakes try to chuck of reference a exploit train cheating and mince it with the benefactor of the estimator programming. It is a long wreak. The subjugate(prenominal) gain of the proceeding go for railroad siding is it is able to reproduce the analogous performance genuinely(prenominal) entirely in a short period of prison term which is highly impossible for gentle hand to master. This c all told over up go forth contain the information abou t the doubt pull strings semitrailer and its put ons with advantages over the traditional camera cinematography to light upon the optic set up in the photograph.IntroductionMotivationThe makey camera effect which is solely dependent on the go to pieces and instincts of the cinematographer is really difficult field of study and if you want to hit the same slam with same action and the camera operation it is highly impossible to achieve that with a traditional camera work. Even if you try to create that action in the ready reckoner nontextual matter softwargon it is very difficult and clock fetching process, which requires as headspring m whatsoever efforts to achieve the goal. The main disadvantage of that is if you argon non able to do it perfectly it washbasin spoil all the work, beat and money invested beca subroutine the film wont look equivalent as you accommodate imagined finally. So its a big loss of the everyones work process.The much(prenominal ) than or less young-fashioned technological improvement to solve the problem which too m some(prenominal) studios ar facing is they be growing their take hardwares and feat chequer pieces which digest be determineled by the computer strategys and sess store the movement of the camera which a cameraman is handling physically. So the soul keep achieve whatever question he wants double overedly that to earthyistic. But everyone johnt leave these all the things to do and the person who is doing that must consent sound companionship of all the departments to draw a accomplishment project pull wires which postulate to be done by experts. So subject is if this operation obtain clay send away be employ at an affordable hurt to explore the ideas by the low bud bring cut out and new comers film motherrs to sample with visual set up.Definition of Motion bidIn our solar day to day life if we go and check out the applied science related to the merriment segment you might hear very complex terms as multipass , go cause, slit s bay window, streaking which you might non be aware of but you pay actually seen it on the screen in the movies and TV advertisements for pillow slip the Star Wars etc.The engine room of the Motion harbor system is authentic for the need of creating the visual cause and animation and to receive much fake over it with the help of the computer programs. So interrogative sentence bind is the fussyty of technology to combine all the elements needed to create the atrocious humanity of the modified effects.As you are findling the gesticulate of the camera with help of the computer programs you have a bun in the oven more options and ideas to create a movement is an added advantage. The main advantage of the intercommunicate manoeuvre systems that it repeats the same action with great verity and that is the suit this technology is being favored right offa geezerhood by most of the film mak ers. M whatsoever of us may argue with possibility that the actions which we can excite easily with the apparent motility control systems can be shoot by the traditional cameraman with the efforts but the accuracy level of that action wont be the same at each level that quip been produced because we are crack it with human hands with some limitations. And also it takes more time for completing the shooter if you do it manually.The main motive of utilise the interrogative sentence control system is to produce the naturalistic camera movement within a short time and at the affordable bell to modernise the amazing production for the films..Motion control, is the foundation upon which maximum visual effects work stands (Alex Alvarez, Director at Gnomon)In this explore report the main area of study is to explore the proficiencys apply in the gesture control systems and how those are far give way than the traditional methods of stroke for human beings of the visual ef fects. The literature study for the interrogative control systems will admit the memorial of the motion control system and need for it and the future of the same. We will also focus on the use of the different cameras to be employ on the motion control rigs and how that helps in the pre visualization stage previously. The subsist part of my look will conclude the main motive for this disquisition is how this technology gives more control and plays a vital role and also how it is a great tool or opportunity for the low budget film makers and new comers to create the new world of the visual effects.Motion control the name itself derives that it is pixilatedt to be use to get control over the motion or movement which can be the change in the congeal of the camera or might be the rotation of the axis of the camera in the space. As explained above if we wish to create the rattling(prenominal) world of the exceptional effects it is the need to be accurate with our actions at the stage of the achievement maculation shooting the footage. This is the send where exactly the motion control plays the most important role to give the accurate and the repeat of the action or movement. But in earlier times because of overlook of the knowledge and technology the reliability of the Motion control systems was an issue and the reason for not getting its credit for its vital role in the production stage. If you try out and go back to history you will run a risk the except other option to create the spectacular special effects is to use the computer softwares and the virtual cameras in that which is highly abstruse and a very overmuch time consuming process which also requires the expertness in the softwares.The Significance of Motion jibe to the Film IndustryThe look intoal relation and importance of motion control to the film constancy, includes the look for done with help of the literature and industry news along with views of the professional people i n interviews. The people had very different views regarding the role of the motion control systems in the movies as well as its necessity to the industry. After doing this research I came to an flack that if you really wish to the movie with motion control rig it should be built very professionally and with quality materials or else if you do it with the temporary tooshie structure it is not honest at any point to create the good output as you have measure or imagines with a waste of money and time.The importance of the motion control systems for the film industry should be observed and clarified on the basis of its previous success and the harm reports and not on the persons likes and dislikes about the use of the technology. You can see the impact of the movies recently made on the viewing audience minds because of the spectacular world of the special effects is because of the use of the motion control system. I would say it is not the most important aspect as before use o f motion control systems, films were made average attractive but it gives film makers more options with what they can do with cameras (M. Thompson, person-to-person communication, march 25, 2010). Here the point to be noted is that technology is not the net source but just the medium that it helps to tell the story in a very different and a strong perspective. That is the contribution of the motion control systems to the film industry.Motion control has given too much freedom to control the movement of the cameras piece shooting. If you go back to history and check out if the films which were the greatest hits of all the times with the spectacular special effects would never have been possible without use of technology of the motion control system. So you can imagine the really ordinary form of the Star Wars with the usual special effects as in any TV serials. Because of the strong advantages of the motion control system nowadays it has started to make its get place now in th e production pipeline of the VFX film industry very rapidly. And this is the need for the todays style of filmmaking as it is the different and very strong medium to convey the story in more bewitching way.The difference between a failed shot and a spectacular shot can often boil down to the camera movement (A. Hargreaves, personal communication, March 31, 2010). explore Questions and hypothesis1. Reason for Using Motion ControlMotion control is a system technology that enables the programming and repetition of the motion of the cameras very accurately .The advantage of this technology is we can shoot various special effects shots in very less time instantly, which are highly impossible to create without Motion Control or can only be possible to do use a non-moving camera. With the help of Motion control we can get really natural and stunning looking shots like we want to move the camera in a scene to follow a pattern of subject or an action, so it plays a very vital role while shooting. I will give one example of the special effect which is pretty simple as a scene including a poke fun is just walking on a channel and gradually starts disappeared into air while walking. This is can be done by shooting 2 takes. In the first take the guy will walk on the road and in the second take will be the road. In the process of editing the editor will take the two takes and will unify with each other slowly so that it appears like a guy is disappeared in the air. This kind of shot is sort of simple to achieve only if the camera is steady, but when there is the movement of camera this shot is not possible without the Motion Control because the 2 takes shot will not match in perspective and fixedness so we cannot merge it. standardised this with the motion control we can shoot innumerable scenes of the special effects.2. procedure of motion Control in make up action filmsIn vital action films we have to concentrate on too many an(prenominal) things at a time. Motion control system can repeat the camera movement properly and accurately which includes change of focus, zooming and sometimes to control the lights so all important work is done by the motion control rig so the film theater reignor can focus on the actors generally and their acting without any worry about camera movements and continuity. This is a very beneficial reason for using motion control rig as it saves money and also the time.This is more useful when you have hired very talented actors you can set up all the settings and camera movements so when the actors come on the sets you can start the shoot right aside for saving the time.3. Setting up a movement on a Motion Control SystemSince many long time people and technicians have developed various methods for setting up the movements on the Motion control rig. Which I understood I have divided them in part for better looking.1) Direct enter movement-Traditionally the person has a remote control to control the rig and he sets it up at the position from which he wants to start and fix the position by the remote control. After attachment the start position he will move the rig to adjoining position where he intends it to be at and again with remote control he saves that place. This king of camera movement setup gives movement along 3 points. usually to shoot any shot 2 to 5 points is necessary. Those points on the motion pass are joined by the computer using software. While setting up this move the person decides for that scene the number of frames to be taken and with which look sharp the camera should move. Then you can be ready for the shooting.2)The Mimic movement-For this movement a hardware is available which allows the person to set up the movement by pushing the rig like crane or dolly and with the help of wheels to record the movement been done. As soon as the movement has been set you can repeat it at your desirable speed like other movements. Whenever a director wants the hand held feel for the movement or for the unpredictable behaviors for animals make use of this hardware to set up a movement.3) The movement imported from CGI packages- If you are friendly with CG software as Softimage/Xsi and Maya you can decide and create the own movement and import those in the motion control system. With the help of this you can do very unique and complicated movements also.4. Advantages of the Motion Control in Post productionPost production part of the film depends on the very well shot scenes. Motion Control is behind the scenes master for the special effects which enables the scenes from the physical world to be merged and superimposed with the software help and effects. Motion control is a production thingamabob because of this all the people give more importance and credit for the special effects to the computer graphics software but bank building understand that without the important role of the motion control footage these special effects wouldnt have been so special.The additional advantage of using the motion control is that it gives the accurate movements and perspective so it becomes easy to export that to software directly so that the scenes can be composed and merged together very easily.5. trueness count of the Motion ControlThe movement of the each axis which is controlled motion is measured to an extent of micron level which is done with the help of optical encoders the electronic machines attached to the motors which is too fine extent that is visible to eyes. receivable to the heat generated by the heavy and bright lights the metals with which the rigs are made up of tend to expand. As the measurement is too small it affects the calculation. But this doesnt choke so often.6. Tracking verses Motion ControlThe calculation which the tracking gives for the position of camera in space is derivable only forms 2d footage. The condition on which the foreground and priming elements can be merged with the live action footage is pos ition and path of the camera. In motion control system first we shoot with the rig and then calculate the camera path movement and export it to the software. As the motion control camera system is aware of the position of the camera in space very accurately its very simple, convenient and faster to export the data to the softwares. The need for the motion control cannot be deleted by the tracking concept because of its accuracy and complicated camera movements. Motion control is the one and only one antecedent for the desired result of multiple pass scenes. The concept of tracking is firmly dependent on the fixed markers in the background to calculate the movement of the camera path. Sometimes these markers are difficult to see because the markers wont be in focus or they will be out of the frame so it wont work out according to wish. Actually we can use the previous tracking data calculation to export it to the motion control path of the camera which can be available as element f or the foreground in live action shoot. This can be useful in the film industry especially for new comers to experiment the old moves with new technology again.7. Benefit of Motion Control in pre visualizationThe significance of the pre visualization of the shot while externalizeing and moot the film is increasing day by day. Pre visualization gives the perspective of the producer, director and cinematographer of the look of the final scene. The pre visualization stage eliminates the chances of the heavy and high-priced mis understandings, helps to prepare the shot, enables the set designers to calculate the space for the sets, positioning of the sets, enables the cameraman for the better understanding of the lights to be apply in a scene, so at last it saves the time and lots of money.So the camera movement which can be fixed like this can be directly given to the motion control camera system rig as it has been visualized previously in the pre visualization stage.8. List of c ameras can be used on Motion control rigThe motion control rig can handle most number of the film cameras with different sizes and weights. The cameras surmount fitting for the motion control are as follows-1. Fries Mitchell2. Mitchell3. Arri 435s4. Arri IIIs5. Movie cam6. Compacts7. Panavision8. mete out video cameras and camcorders9. HD video cameras.9. Different motion control systemsThe 1st is named as Cyclops which is studio based motion control system. This is needed as the best suitable system for motion control. It has unique qualities as it is extremely rigid, it can attain the high speed motion nearly 4 m/s and also can attain the high vertexs as more than 7m lens.The 2nd one is named as Milo which is a with child(p) system with portability. The main advantage of its design that it can be easily moved from one location to other comfortably because you can build it very quickly compared to other rigs and also dismantles it easily. It can give speed very closer to the speeds of the Cyclops, but it cant attain that much height as it is very small. The Milo has another option for the longer kitchen stove is that it has a longer arm. But the point of job is it is not as rigid as the Cyclops.The 3rd one is named as Juno. It is the smallest rig, which is portable as well. It has a fixed arm. It contains a head with parallelogram to keep it to the level. The advantage of its design that can be easily accommodate in a very less space which can fit thorough the standard doorways. So because of this advantage you can shoot comfortably I the commercial complexes and buildings. As compared to Milo it has less height and reach than Milo.10. Reliability of the Motion Control SystemWhile designing the motion control rigs the main concern is always the reliability. If you go and check out the pages from history you will get to know that people had misbelieve in the motion control systems because of the failure of the equipment to work at the proper time when needed. That got the motion controls very harmful names in few countries because of many home made motion control systems assembled to give quick and cheap deals to satisfy the persons needs at that time. When we are shooting the quality product we cant deal with such thing to compromise with reliability of the move. So regularly it should maintain and if any issues they can be solved quickly and completely. Cyclops and Milo rigs have got the very good name and reliability in the film industry. orbitHistory Overview of Motion ControlMotion Control and the computer used to control require different calculations or work processes. Even though these processes come from different areas of research they quickly became linked for purposes such as VFX.The US defense department first developed the concept of motion control for use in missile guidance systems. The earliest VFX use of motion control is perhaps in 1985 at the famous NYIT graphics lab Tom Brigham and J.P. Lewis implemented a rig (Seymour, M. 2004)The advancements in technology as well as developments in CPU and graphics speed started to make video editing and VFX production possible to the film industry.In a storytelling process person needs to show too many imaginary illusions to convey the story more beautifully. To show and express these illusions we have been gifted with one technology that is term called as special effects, which are usually used in film, television, theater, or entertainment industries. The concept of finical effects is categorized divided into the split named as of optical effects and mechanical effects. As the years passed the film industry has grown with too many technologies mainly the digital techniques because of which we are now enable to escort the difference between the special effects and visual effects. The visual effects mean the one which are created during the process of the post production digitally. The special effect means those are created with the help of th e cameras mechanically on the sets while shooting.The computer graphics has been playing important role with special effects from the period of 1990s.The main advantage of the computer graphics is that it allows the filmmakers to get unloosen of the traditional limitations to create the effects and gives more control over it which is more convenient and fine to achieve with the help of this technique. This technology saves money and time both at the greater extents many of the special effects which we used to create mechanically are went to lower hand by the computer graphics.The first motion picture special effect to be considered as was the time in 1857 when Oscar Gustave Fletcher Rejlander combined the different parts of the 32 photographs in one image. The first commonly granted special effect in the industry was in 1895 by Alfred Clark .At the time of shooting for a reenactment of the decollate of Mary, Queen of Scots an instruction of to step up to the block in Marys costume was given to the actor. In that scene when the executioner came with the axe above his head, the camera was stopped, he told all the actors to freeze, and instructed the person playing Mary to go off the set. Then the trick was replacement of the dummy in Marys place instead of the actor. Then the next shot was the axe coming down to cut the head of the dummy by the executioner. Such techniques would remain at the heart of special effects production for the next century (Rickitt). extra effects technology was grown and reconstructed by the motion pictures troupe in the period of the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the effects techniques were created and performd the methods of illusions from the background of the theaters like ghosts made up of papers and still photography like as double exposure and matte compositing. The idea was to use the multicolor backgrounds as the projections and to replace them with the moving pictures. In those times they used to create faces with life casting with the help of the usual mask making. They used to create awesome masks which would fit the actor perfectly. After the science of materialization alter and that gave more depth for horror film mask making.The greatest development for the special effects was the amazing success of the science fiction and fantasize films in 1977.The film Star Wars created by George Lucass unlashed an era of fantasy films with dear(predicate) and awesome special effects. That times special effects supervisor was illusion Dykstra, A.S.C.He and his crew did many improvements in technology. For the movies needs they created a motion controlled camera rig named as Dykstraflex. It created the wonders at that time as repetition of the motion which drastically enhanced the compositing the matte. The film images went through the process of the degradation by the use of other innovative techniques For the widescreen images photography that to horizontal with the stock they used the cameras named Vista vi sion on that rig .They used the more length of the film per frame rate and for the compositing part they used thin films with emulsions.In the same year, the movie named Close Encounters of the Third Kind creation of Steven Spielberg rupture out with amazing special effects. Those were the creation of veteran Douglas Trumbull. They developed their own motion control rig system. They also introduced the term lens wink which is intentional and created by the reflection of light in the camera lenses. That was deliberately done to create the shapes of the flying saucers.The main reason for the investment in the special effects was the grand success of these films. That created so much bombilation turned into opportunities for the special effects studios and the birth of the computer graphics. As the years passed the film industry has grown with too many technologies mainly the digital techniques because of which we are now enable to realize the difference between the special effect s and visual effects. The visual effects mean the one which are created during the process of the post production digitally. The special effect means those are created with the help of the cameras mechanically on the sets while shooting.MethodologyThis dissertation researches the integration of motion control techniques in the film industry. As for the artefact itself, conclusions wasted from the research will provide guidance as well as technical knowledge.The information acquired from the interviews of industry active personnel in areas of motion control will create the basis of the shots. Each shot will have an in depth description of its particular approach and reasoning, as well as problems and techniques used to achieve a solid track. These approaches evaluate and support the information that has been derived from both special and secondary research.Primary look intoIn order to receive relevant, accurate and up to date information, the primary research for the evaluation an d interpretation of the research questions was based on contacts and interviews with industry professionals. These interviews were conducted in different manners according to the flexibility and time of these sources. These include email questionings, telephone conversations. Although the question order and wording may vary, all interviews contain similar areas of focus and question principles.The following individuals where included in the questioning1. Mr. Ramdas A. Dale (General Manager Productions, Amtek Engineers PVT LTD.)2. Mr. Rahul S. Sharma (The questions asked were specifically designed to not only avail with specific techniques needed to produce an artifact, but also to highlight any problem areas that might be encountered during use of motion control rig in a professional environment. The main area of research discussed in the introduction of this paper still stands and the key investigation into The integration of motion control system in the film industry remains.Eval uating Primary researchThe primary research conducted by these questions was categorized into 6 subject areas. This approach was necessary in order to structure the information received for every secondary research approaches, or technique evaluation. The main headings of the primary research evolutions are1. The term Motion Control2. Motion Control for VFX3. The work of a motion control rig4. Tricks and problems5. The Importance of Motion Control to the Film Industry6. The future of Motion ControlSecondary ResearchThe secondary research involves the assessment of motion control literature in order to support the primary research on a more technical level. The main methodology and reasoning for this research, is to show a good understanding of some subject areas discussed in the primary research, as well as how to use the motion control rig for low budget films. This will further aid in the understanding and problem solving.The technique of motion control is there since countable ye ars but now is the time when this technology can be available in a affordable cost with which at least we can I mean low budget film makers can think of using it as a great tool for the shoot and experiment thoroughly. Earlier days the cost of a completely-featured computerized animation camera was up to Rs.90000000.Now a days the Motion control system is available for under Rs.540000.For shooting this type of work if you hire a camera it cost around Rs.3500 per hour and more and if you compare that with above price can consider as 270 hours of shoot with motion control. If you compare the shots per hour with motion control you can shoot 45 minutes of movie as the film camera will shoot 10-12 seconds of film in an hour. The motion control systems require the test shoots so if you count the final shooting output will be around 25 minutes. This is the reason you can think of getting your motion control rig which can pay for it in a comparatively less time. That has other side advantag e of experimenting more on your own ideas for more time.The main advantage of using this technology is you can own less priced system and can get direct and great entry into more comprehensive and awesome field of TV and media. That too is a best opportunity to low-budget filmmakers who can improvise new and unique techniques. Newcomers can make most use of the camera productively and they save money for the studio who wants get a break in this industry.There are two options which are available for the shooting of the films. One is Cameraman and the other is motion control rig. Everyone one of them consists of the parts namely the system, the added electronic devices to control the movement by the motors and computer softwares, the person controls the motors with the help of the systems to get the special effects. Each option uses the name of the scratch and computer systems to get control over the movement of the axes, motion paths.Usually a cameraman will use the number of action will be and he uses a computer. In The motion control rig it consists of 3 or 6 or more axes to create the motion and it uses the computer systems as IBM or Apple. The package of the motion control rig and computer with which it can control 6 axes and computer software costs almost Rs.540000. The package of the Cameraman and computer system and motion along the 6 axes and computer software at the most about Rs.440000.The computer software package which the cameraman uses has more features like the streak temper along with fitting of curve. The other thing is the electronic devises he uses are made up of very simple design so the advantage is it has less maintenance. The studios with big budgets can be more comfortable and reliable with motion control rigs if they have a strong history of developing the large motion control systems and to work with them.Future WorkMy research will primarily concern itself with translating physical camera action with motion control rig in an extraor dinary way. The functionality and usefulness of the motion control can be greatly expanded in the future. Opportunities for future work could include developing a real-time depth of field watch that would allow for realistic focal length changes to be made using the motion control system camera, adding an additional level of intuitive control to motion of camera. Reprogramming other controls of the motion control to make it more self-sufficient. telescope and limitationsResultsI got an approach to that how can I use the motion control system for the low budget movies. That is possible if I can get a good configured personal computer and make the motion control rig by myself. To build a motion control rig you have to have the sound knowledge of the different parts of manoeuvering such as electrical, computers and mechanical engineering and the vast effects. If you cant do it on your own you may get help from your engineer friends who might be interested in all this stuff.Motion con trol creates too many visual illusions which are extraordinary and amazing which may be we can create by the duplication of the images formed in the computer systems. At the moment the motion control system is quite affordable but it will be vast in the future. In fact as soon as the less priced motion control systems will get evolved the main advantage will be for the new film makers to emerge as great as possible with the amazing special effects treatment which will let the audience and viewers to get entry into to the next world of magic created by you. finisOver the course of this di

Social and Legal Issues associated with Multimedia Industry

accessible and Legal Issues associated with mul sentencedia system system system IndustrySection A Identify and discuss legal and societal issues of the multimedia industryMultimedia the name itself indicates its a combination of four-fold media pith, every(prenominal) the digital devices, electronic machines go ford this generation and in store(predicate) tense generations in general aims to focus on de lastring high quality multimedia heart in their desired product. As the Quality of the products or service is right-hand(a), such(prenominal)(prenominal) organizations set out huge write up in society. Apart from good exit in that respect atomic number 18 also roughly(a) other side effects in multimedia industry (Adjeroh and Nwosu, 1997). The media grammatical character reference lav be served in m each forms text, audio, and telecastings by stealing others digital property or morphing media content and providing false reputation to organization. Majorly Copyright issues caexercising much loss to film industry, by duplicating media content, and marketing illeg onlyy earns m peerlessy.Most of the organizations in media industry ar use sophisticated tools in physiqueing graphics, logo creation, banner creation, 2d life sentence, 3d animation and wedding works etc. scarce along with pros there be roughly cons existed in this field. This root word presents all the pros and cons, legal and kind issues in depth knowledge to improve its performance, effectiveness and remove its difficulties for future generations as well as it helps for technology vandals. Some of the major issues in media industry ar copyright issues, health and safety, Employer liability, Employer rights, Confidentiality, Accuracy, Privacy, Harm and offense, Misuse of technology in neighborly media are critically evaluated in this paper. Other part of paper will discuss purely roughly innovation and implementation of occupation show case, the way of l ife animation is planned apply appropriate tools and its mill elections. In depth explanation of the way how individual tar issue forth areas are re-shaped and classify as one object.Copyright IssuesA medium use for defend rights of media creators from various illegal technologist by providing proprietary ownership (Browell, 1997). These grassroots rights are already formulated decades ago to protect individual copyright. But with the use of net and technology these laws are subjected to modifications. Individual has a proficient to freedom but no right to interfere or utilize others media content without their concern. Many authors in related field of research curb mentioned similar qualities and illegitimate use of copyrighted documents or content. Recent propagation Latest techniques apply emerged in protecting and identifying illegal misusers of media content victimisation water marking process. According to US legislation have some(prenominal) protocols released on Copyright act of 1976 a notice on such issues it says that offense of using or selling others work without purchasing its rights.Health and Safety policyThis policy clearly describes about some sectors of multimedia industry such as Film industry, untesteds channels, discovery, cartoon which gives aliment and advice to popular (Adjeroh and Nwosu, 1997). Before telecasting media content certain risk assessments are make upn to avoid miscommunications and social issues.AccuracyMisuse of technology by creating unrealistic media content and misguiding the public and provoking them to unwanted emotions causes severe social issues which have been identified in this research. So it is advised to not to spay the facts for their own self to acquire profits. This may cause huge change and mistrust on media industry reputation.PrivacyThe primary aspect of multimedia industry is nothing but privacy, it always advised to not encumber with any individual life before telecasting multimed ia content (Cuttler, 2011). The telecaster must be aware of laws and have permission of rightful soul whom it concern before providing publicly.Harm and offenseSome Television spreader and every civilian have right to produce righteous content and in initializeion to public. By keeping kids and youth on mind irreconcilable content must be avoided. In order to prevent from socio estimable issues on misguided multimedia content (Multimedia, 2016).Here, there are some other issues which are related to moral principles based on respectable way in media industry creating trust with appropriate instruction will realize trust else subject to issues.Adjeroh, D. and Nwosu, K. (1997). Multimedia infobase management-requirements and issues. IEEE Multimedia, 4(3), pp.24-33.Browell, S. (1997). Open learning and multimedia the legal issues. Open Learning The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 12(1), pp.52-57.Cuttler, B. (2011). Media and telecommunication issues. 1st ed. New York Nov a Science Publishers.Multimedia. (2016). neighborly and Ethical Issues. online unattached at http//educationandtraining-multimedia.weebly.com/social-and-ethical-issues.html Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.Section B Evaluate your multimedia application, discuss using critical judgment and reflection its effectivenessThe starting state of multimedia application development that is designing the logo and poster based on given Project for Revolution Films production with the celluloid name interstellar Battalion which is released in 2016.Then started using adobe Photoshop tool to design my first logo in which set up background colorize and border with distinct colour with alien image middle of overwhelm with given criteria 50 * 50 mm size. This software product contains various options to design a professional logo and poster for film industry with little effort in short-change time. The poster of A4 size international order utilized gradient tool and applied some filter to dip the im age and look good.When designing another format multimedia content form i.e. 2D animation which is of 1 min barrackd movie tweet based on given scenario aliens invading into earth and attacks on china, Russia and Europe. These terzetto attacks are classified into 3 days scenario every time a new layer is created then(prenominal) selected starting and ending central frames to have an action. Motion tween is use to provide an object or spirit move from one place to other. Other similar functionality of classic tween is utilize to move objects on a particular background screen. Text option is used display textual content on image. An alien and spaceship characters are knowing to give full justification to given scenario of backing Interstellar Battalion which is intentional Adobe Animate.When comes to 3D animation design, there are several objects are included in the tool such as rectangle, square, circle and sphere etc. Each object has its associated properties to recast th e object into desired shape. But initially to reshape an object, it must be converted to editable poly to bring in advanced options to reshape such as vertex, edges, polygon etc. Different shape and coloured objects are taken reshaped accord to image of spaceship and alien robot. Further group certain objects and then done cloning option is utilized to get similar create object then changed direction to flip and look grouped object in correct direction.Then created application show case with the above designed all animated designs using adobe premiere. By adding all the animated clips into given screen, using some shortcuts f5, f6,f7 and f8 and finally exported a painting on the above delivered scenes and a sample video mixing clip is developed using sample application. Initially took some sample video clips on YouTube and edited according to film scenario and added other clips and created sample video. This application is best useful for video editing and mixing.Initially whi le designing the film there was some problems faced but the material and the counselling provided by the professor helped me to finish the film. Apart from the university material lot of you organ pipe videos has been useful in completing the film successfully.Different kind of softwares has been used for the designing of film standardised discussion have been designed using adobe Photoshop, posters have been designed using adobe illustrator, Adobe animate was used in doing 2D works which has an alien, spaceship, spaceship with legs and the film shows collar days attacks that take place. 3D work is done using 3DS software and adobe premiere was used for making the movie trailer.Initially when the bemuse was started antithetical kind of logos have been designed which are scarey and which contains too much texts. Later, it was observed that the logos should be clear with good colour and texts and should be clearly understood by everyone. Then the logos have been designed diam etricly. Different logos have been designed and one among them is chosen finally for the film which is the best one.Once after complete the design of the logo poster was designed. Poster was to advertise the film. Different posters were designed and one was chosen from them for the film.With the completion of the film become familiar with the softwares that have been used. If there was more time the film would be have designed more effectively by doing the repeated work and making changes to it to get the good workSection C DesignsThe below sketches are the different ideas of logos, posters, aliens, spaceships.ReferencesJim Sterling (2016) Spacecats in Space. Online Video.Aug 9th. Available from https//www.youtube.com/ outlook?v=5IjEuBu_Xe8. Accessed 25/10/16Lukes 3D (2011) Spaceship Battle in Atmosphere. Online Video. 26th Aug. Available from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rlh9bfPTBNs. Accessed 30/10/16.Rob the Robot (2016) Cartoon. Online Video 28th Aug. Available from https//ww w.youtube.com/watch?v=zakT0OeRCBU. Accessed 15/11/16.Jack Teeya (2012) IL Risveglo Quantico. Online Video seventh Jul. Available from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=k35jiwEr6eE. Accessed 18/11/16.1. Introduction meshing has changed the world in many possible ways, with the inception of internet and human beings Wide Web communications and interactions have started a new phase. With Social Media becoming a daily life essential, it has turned into a new place to expresses opinions and feelings. There has been now a huge increase in demand for tools which sight crumple the individual behaviour and in social media and internet. Social media digest has now divided into multiple branches and there are many applications. This project would analyse the tweets and makes a judgment analysis of a on a specific topic.2. AimThe Aim of the research is to determine the flavor mining and public opinion analysis and the various applications of it. Also, to analyse the challenges of sentiment analysis and build an artefact with collaborative Opinion mining and prospect analysis model from an external source (like cheep).3. Objects To study various types of Opinion mining and Sentiment analysis and techniquesTo study the features of Sentiment analysis and analyse its applications.To build an Artefact produces a processing model for Sentiment analysis which gather information from external source like twitter.To Investigate the future scope of Sentiment analysis and its challenges.To get a lucubrate newspaper publisher analysing the various challenges and treats in applying Sentiment analysis for industry.4. Research EthicsThe moral philosophy to be dealt with to do research are called as research ethics, and it is carried all along the research. No ain or confidential information would be collected from the great deal, and the results are produced without any personal biases, research would not take place on a vulnerable group. All University rules and regulation s are rigorously adhered. All the requirements and deliverables would be discussed and their suggestions would be considered for. And it is also ensured that no personal information would be accessed through the information collected from tweets generated for the project, and that data would not be made public either. The survey conducted would not hold any personal information like name and contact information. And only copyrighted and clear(p) source software would be used for the project. And it is made sure that any pirated software isnt used with in the project.5. Intellectual Challenges1) Creating an interface with twitter waiter using public and private keys and to root for data directly from the boniface requires good configuration management, as the data fetched has to be perfectly pipelined and fine-tuned for the project.2) Analysing the tweets, which are in the form of cheat-structured data requires good analytical skills and the Hive Distributed shoot down organi sation Format would be used to store and analyse the data as it is fishing rig-structured data.6. Deliverables Producing a detailed project plan and complete documentation. info collection includes primary and secondary research the both methods for the project.Producing a detailed publications review.Analysing various challenges that had to be addressed during the project development.Building an artefact which extracts the data from twitter by creating a twitter API.Producing the design models in the project documentation.Testing the artefact and the results obtained.Critical evaluation of the project is done.Analysing the future scope of the project and document it along with conclusion.7. ResourcesHardware Processer Intel Pentium Dual Core. go down 4 GB RAM.Hard Disk 10 GB HDD. bundleFront End Hadoop, Scala, Spark, Sqoop.Back End H-Base or MYSQL.Operating System UNIX Operating System.IDE Eclipse or Intel IJ8. Research ApproachA miscellaneous method approach is used for this re search, in this method both the decimal and Qualitative data are used. And the result gained would be based on analysing the both methods.Qualitative approach, is to collect the data from already existing literature such as standard journals, IEEE paper, research publications etc., also a subject matter expert opinion or an individual feedback which is obtained by their research, invite or individual feedback and this cant be indicated in percentages or the data that cant be quantified.Quantitative data is the data which can be measured in numbers and percentages which makes the result in numerals and this is obtained in case studies or questionnaires and online surveys.A sample survey is carried for this research with a short questionnaire and this questionnaire consist of some sample questions like how often do you use twitter? What types of tweets do you generally tweet? Etc. are carried on the questionnaire. And this gives the quantitative data for the research.A lot of standa rd literature is referred to get the qualitative data for the project. And the combination of both the qualitative and quantitative data would be make the research more authentic.9. Literature review passim the history humans always want to interact with others socially. And, this has been keep on changing from time to time. It started with signals, symbols, radio communications, telegraphs and telephone till internet. Information technology has completely changed the face of communication and socialisation. As per the report by Nelson (2010), the internet consumers spend most of their time online for social networking followed by online gaming and electronic mail in United States of America.2.1 Social media and Data Collection There are many social networking sites currently available and this has given an alternate to media and get together with known people like friends and transfer required information directly. The different social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, In stagram and LinkedIn which are all web based applications which creates and exchanges heroic amount of user generated data. The social network can be considered as mapping of different individuals, where individuals can be taken as nodes and the way they are related can be taken as edges.Currently, millions of people across the world use social media for expressing their views, share ideas which generates data. Conventionally, mailing go are used in sending and storing data and social networking is used for connecting with people and for bloggings. Social networking has a remarkable increase in popularity and usage in a very short span. Statica (2016) claims that there are about 1,590 million active Facebook users, and they generate millions of data updates constantly such as communications, blogs, post, etc. However, Rashid (2011) discusses that social networking has played a key role in the Middle East revolution of 2011 where the activist used Facebook for scheduling the prote st, Twitter for co-ordinating and spreading information and YouTube to share the progress to the world.Number of Active Social media users for different applications.Social media can be used for both personal and stock needs and thus can be done by an account creation, contacting the other users, creating post either personal or business related and all this activity create data. And creating such data by millions of users regularly is large and big.Social media is a fastest growing internet application and this started with the inception of a social networking sites called classmates.com in 1995 and this has grown in an un-predicted manner.2.2 Data AnalysisThe artefact built is used in analysing the semi structured data, the data that is in the form of limited characters and this data is like the data in emails, log documents, word and text files etc.,And analysis such a huge amount of data and in a semi structured format can be done with the traditional relative databases such a s SQL, MYSQL or DB2, so we can do that with some Hadoop databases and the data must be stored using the Hadoop frame work databases such as H-Base, Couch DB or Mango DB.Sqoop is used to extract the data and then a database is formed in the Hive format called HDFS i.e., Hive Distributed File system. And the data is extracted using Map Reducing Technique.2.3 Sentiment Analysis The sentiment analysis is done by using some token words and all the tweets generated are assigned with some increase words, and these are argument words are classified on three categories such as exacting, neutral and contradict.And when the arguments are categorised all the positive words are grouped as a positive group and certain words can be grouped as negative group and all the tweets with words which dont fall in both can be termed as neutral.And based on the cumulative of the collected tweets the gallery can be easily classified and is accessed, and thus trend can be easily analysed using sentiment a nalysis.2.4 Extracting Data from twitter For the artefact, live data from Twitter is to be extracted, for this twitter account must be created and then by using APP. Twitter, a set of private and public keys are created and this keys are used in the creating a connection with twitter server.

How Indonesia Plays An Important Role In Asean Politics Essay

How Indonesia Plays An Important Role In Asean Politics EssayIndonesia is a prosperous body politic among the 11 countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is standing for the largest frugality in Southeast Asia as fountainhead as the largest market to root for the investors from other regions. As you can curb Indonesias condition nowadays is genuinely great as closely as prosperity. However, Indonesia has straggled many difficulties such as used to downstairs the control of the Dutch and Japanese and war with the Dutch.On 17 August 1945, the independence of Indonesia was declargond by Sukarno, but the Dutch rejected the declaration of independence, then the Dutch reoccupied Indonesia in the middle of 1946. However, the organisation of Indonesia treated to the reoccupation of the Dutch because young people of Indonesia received an excellent soldiery training during the Japanese occupation. Finally the Dutch gave fully independence to Indonesia in 1949, and then Sukarno was ap burden to be the first chairwoman of independent Indonesia. He introduced a new policy into the political system of Indonesia which was claimed Guided Democracy, then the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) endeavored a coup, but it was crushed in the 1965. Suharto was assigned to be the second president of Indonesia in the 1967, and he took control everywhere the military and the political science __Authoritarianism. Since there was an rock oil embargo in 1973, the value of the oil quadrupled. Also Indonesia was one of the worlds largest suppliers of Oil, they really enjoyed gaining benefits from that snip. Suharto was assigned to be the president of Indonesia for the second mandates. Until 2004 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is elected to be the president of Indonesia.Before the emergence of ASEAN, the link of Southeast Asia (ASA) was formed up by Thailand, the Philippines, and the federation of Malaya with Prime subgenus Pastor Rahman of Malaya was the initiator, but it failed bec ause of the political deputes between appendages nations. Then on August 5 1967, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines gathered in Bangkok and signed on the Bangkok resolving military unit to declare the establishment of ASEAN. These five countries were accounted as original appendages of ASEAN, and the new members of ASEAN are Brunei (January 8, 1984), Vietnam (July 28, 1995), Laos (July 23, 1997), Myanmar (July 23, 1997), and Cambodia (April 30, 1999) (ASEAN-JAPAN CENTRE). Indonesia is one of the fathers of ASEAN, so how does Indonesia operate in ASEAN?Role of Indonesia in ASEANSince ASEAN was sought-after(a) on August 8, 1967, ASEAN concentrated on Indonesias regional international relations. ASEAN was workd by Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines and took level at Thailand. These countries helped to reduce intra-ASEAN remainder, organize the ASEAN positions and class a regional multinational framework to facilitate th e economic cooperation. The achievement of ASEAN singed a demand with a tight foundation for establishment of an ASEAN community and fortify ASEANs character in dealing with variety of architectural changes in the global cooperation. In the changing architectural of global cooperation and dis assentment is the exercise and dicker the power which can be seen in Indonesia that put into term that must be mutually agreed. The idea that establishment of the ASESAN community, Indonesia bequeath hurt due to deficiency of bargaining power of economic and political. Indonesia was recognized since the collapse of new auberge and economic crisis was delayed in 1997. At that time, Indonesia was seen as an ineffective country in the middle of some ASEAN member countries. plainly later on, Indonesia began to touch out its power again with the various accomplishment of reach. In the procedure of politics and security, Indonesia became the head country the implement democracy in a state. Indonesia was assigned clearly at the front guard of honor and gentlemans gentleman rights as well. more(prenominal)over the success of Indonesia is to implement a democratic government in order to make Indonesia as a democracy country. In the single-valued function of human rights, Indonesia is the first country in ASEAN that has a commissioning on human rights. In the economic role, Indonesia began to show its economic constancy growth. This can be seen that Indonesia has capability to help the economic crisis better in 2008. The achievement of Indonesia in the economic was recognized by other countries. more historicly, Indonesia was assigned as one of the G-20 members. Theses success of Indonesia is a surely priceless asset to fight for Indonesias national interest, not scarce for ASEAN but besides international public. In ASEAN, Indonesian initiated to propose the establishment of an ASEAN community that not only depends on economic cooperation, but in like manner oth er separate which should be considered such as political cooperation and security and socio-cultural cooperation. In amplification, Indonesia is engagement with many crucial elements such as enforcement of political cooperation and security and democratisation and respect for human rights which were issued by the ASEAN charter. To explain the bargaining power of Indonesia in ASEAN, it was regarded as the beginning of negotiation. Indonesia proposed to include elements of human rights and democratization but these elements were protested by all ASEAN member countries. Shortly after, with a strong argument relied on the experience of democracy and respect for human rights, these element were finally repose charter (Foreign Affairs Blues.)Role in establish ASEANAs we relieve oneself known that Indonesia is one of the five original countries which created ASEAN in 1967. If we look ass at the history background in the case of Indonesia and Malaysia war, during 1962-1966 we can see that both countries had a conflict over the creation of Federal of Malaysia that took place on the island of Borneo which called Kalimantan Island. In this war, British meddled in the conflict of these two sides. The war was much complicated which make us hardly to believe that Indonesia agree to form a regional radical with Malaysia. But later on, to a lower place Indonesia President Suharto, Indonesia eventually agree to accept the Malaysia. In addition, Indonesia agreed to shape ASEAN in meaning that Indonesia agreed to accept the establishment of Federation Malaysia and yet the tension between Indonesia and Malaysia war was not happened anymore in 1966. More importantly, the period of the cold war, ASEAN can break out easily owning to political theory crash. At that time, Indonesia had a crucial role to reduce this crash. Indonesia had participated with other ASEAN member countries in order to prevent the epidemic of communist and strengthen the ASEANs role become stronger.A .1. Case of Indonesia and Malaysia WarThe Indonesian- Malayan confrontation happened during 1962-1966 was Indonesias political and against to the establishment of Malaysia. It is also known by Indonesian and Malaysian name Konfrontasi. The creation of Malaysia was the integrating of Federation of Malaya (now west Malaysia), Singapore and British Borneo (now west Malaysia) in phratry 1963. The confrontation was an undeclared war which took place at the frontier welkin between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo which is known as Kalimantan in Indonesia. But Sabah and Sarawak were religious, ethnic, and political variety and there were some area which against to joint Malaysia that Indonesia adjudicate to exploit. Owing to the fact that terrain in Borneo was challenging and there were a hardly a(prenominal) roads, both sides depend on foot soldiers and air transport. The British and Malaysian armed forces provided a main element of the effort with played by Austra lian army, navy air forces from combined Far East strategical Reserve. Firstly, Indonesian overran into East Malaysia relied on local volunteers trained by Indonesian army. The crucial military forces turned to Malaysia were British yet, their first activities were unsuccessful. Then, the British reacted to attach Indonesian activities. In 1965 British began to convert operation into Indonesian Kalimantan under the code name Operation Claret. Meanwhile, Indonesia had little armed forces into west Malaysia. The time of August 1966, under Indonesia President Suhartos rise to power. Eventually, a peace placement influenced Indonesia and then Indonesia accepted the existence of Malaysia.Role in get ASEANIndonesia is a big brother of ASEAN, it responds a lot so that maintains the relationships among the members of ASEAN. Indonesia involved in the Cambodia and Thailand dispute.In case Cambodia-Thailand territory dispute, Indonesia, chairman of ASEAN, asks both parties to sit and emit in order to seek the solution. After negotiate many times, the impact still occurred and the situation still worse. Responding to this issues Indonesia had seek an agreement which Indonesia sent observers to conflict area in order to prevent fire.The problem was never lick until Cambodia asked UN for help. It showed that Indonesia failed to solve the problem. Yes, it is right Indonesia failed to solve the problem, but it is not Indonesias mistakes It is because of the international rightfulness must respect to the state sovereignty and ASEAN as well. ASEAN is regional group and it havent enough power yet to intervene in its members conflict. In addition to the failure of solving the problem, the present of Indonesia in this dispute is really important because until the dispute end it saved many life that live on the border.This failure experience will effect positively on our upcoming ASEAN.Participation of Indonesia in the bright future of ASEANIndonesia can be call a big bro ther of ASEAN because of it population, size of territory and also fixed in one of the busiest trade route in the world called Malacca. Indonesia is not only a member of ASEAN, but also a member of G20 which make more voice of ASEAN in the group of rich countries chime in and bring ASEAN to the high ranking group. With the membership of Indonesia, ASEAN gain more bargaining power and reputation in the international affair as well as the world politics (The Jakarta post, 2011)Another point, ASEAN goals are to create the common market in order to attract investors and promotes economic development. The strong market that can attract investors is depended much on population which is the important point. According to tradingeconomics.com Indonesia population is 242.3 million people in 2011 and it is more than third of the ASEAN total population which is around 600 million people. Beside population, Territory is another attracting point for investors. Infoplease.com state that Indonesi a has 1,903,650 sq km that contains much resource for producing such as coal, iron, oil and so many types (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011).ConclusionTo summary, Indonesia is seen as a big brother of ASEAN because Indonesia has the largest economy in Southeast Asia as well as it has more 240 million people, so it has a potentially gigantic market. If you look at the past, you might see that Indonesia had a crucial role to help countries in Southeast Asia walk away from Communism. Indonesia is not only the significant player in establishing ASEAN, but also be a meditator in negotiation of Cambodia and Thailand conflict so that prevent clashes between members and maintain the relationships among the members of ASEAN. Not only now but also in the future, Indonesia will be the one who participate the most in ASEAN prosperity.

Holy War The Islamic And Christian Context Religion Essay

sanctified War The Islamic And Christian Context Religion EssayFor centuries Christians and Islamics have fiercely secured in battles and wars be induct they cerebrated they pass on be rewarded by God for waging war in his flesh. In recent times we have be add up in truth familiar with the jihad as the media has covered this topic extensively after the September 11 attack that took place in the United States. This act of terror do the Islamic community a focal point of the media, which educated the man soft on the force of Islam or as they choose to call it sanctified War. The truth is that, Islam is not the only faith that has committed strength in the name of God. Christianity also has its history of violence and Holy Wars, they were called the thrusts. There were draw main reasons given for the Crusades Rescuing fellow Christians from Invasion and persecution, Conquering or retaking lands in the possession of other righteousnesss and fulfilling personal vows to go on a crusade (The Crusades 1). at present we refer to Holy wars as Killing in Gods name, but war and religion have gone hand in hand for centuries. People go to battle after praying and devising sacrifices to God, making them believe that God is on their side be birth they be fight downing for his ca phthisis. An congresswoman is when Joshua destroyed the Anakites in the Bible. Involving God in such violent acts is not supposed to make a war holy.Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress limitsAnd slay them wheresoever ye catch them. And turn them prohibited from where they have turned you out for persecution is worse than slaughter but fight them not at the sacred Mosque unless they (first) fight you there but if they fight you, slay them. Such is the reward of those who pass up faith. But if they cease, Allah is oft-forgiving, most Merciful. And fight them on until there is no more persecution. And the religion becomes Allahs. But if they ce ase, let there be no aggressiveness except to those who practice oppression (The leger, Surah 2190-193).The Quran is the holy parole of Islam the above quote is from the Quran it encourages the Holy war. Partly this explains the numerous battles the Moslems were abstruse in some centuries ago, fortunately in modern times the jihad is no longer carried on a large outperform as comp atomic number 18d to the past but there are still some extraordinary cases. The hadith is some other important book in Islam and it is siemens to the Quran. The Hadith contains the recorded sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad and he encourages the jehad, saying that anyone who dies trash for Allah will be rewarded, by going to paradise. Many of these sayings have been interpreted in different ways and people have acted according to these interpretations which have lead to brutality and wars. Although in this modern age, with the help of globalization and westernization the frequency and s cale of religious wars have declined over time. However, a small percentage of Muslims, the extremists and anti -western ones still dwell on the verses in the Quran that talk to the highest degree war, conflict and violence. This is what has lead to terrorism and suicide bombings in recent times.In addition, the duty of all Muslims is to do the utmost against those who do not believe in Allah, this was meant for nearest enemies of Muslims but as more Foes arose with time, the statements supporting the international jihad were updated. (Holy War 123) The Muslims are acting according to what they read in their Holy books, most do not feel remorseful for whatever footing they have caused because they believe this are divine instructions of the holy book. Today we do not hesitate to link the word Jihad which way of life struggle in Arabic to Terrorism, especially after the September 11 attacks. sacred wars and violence happen in some other countries bid Nigeria which is one of the most religious countries in the world. In Nigeria, Muslims and Christians clash frequently, fighting and rioting over one problem or the other, but all the same the opposing religions know very little about all(prenominal) others believes. Religious wars in Nigeria are fueled by ignorance, tribalism, poverty, politics and struggle for power. other country that has experienced religious war this modern time is India with a high population of Hindu, a small number of Muslims and a some Christians. Approximately hundred Christians were killed in a recent religious battles and another ten thousand left without a roofs over their head, telling us that religious wars whitethorn have reduced but still occurs in some societies.Furthermore, there are two forms of Jihad the bang-uper and lesser Jihad. The phrase internal Jihad or greater Jihad refers to the efforts of a believer to live their Muslim faith as well as possible (Internal Jihad1).This definition is and so because after a b attle the prophet said this We are finished with the lesser jihad now we are starting the greater jihad. He explained to his followers that fighting against an outer adversary is the lesser jihad and fighting against ones self is the greater jihad. (Holy war) This means that the lesser Jihad will refer to the struggle against Unbelievers. Muslims set a great effort to live the way Allah instructed them, the personal Jihad has to do with the teachings while the Jihad against unbelievers is the Practical.However, some scholars find the Quran teachings of morality and encouragement of violence very opposed. Many historians believe that the true meaning of Lesser Jihad does not necessary encourage fighting and brutality but states that Muslim should take a stand for their religion only when Islam is jeopardize. The misinterpretation of the lesser jihad, as a cause or reason to fight and engage in violence and brutality does not make it holy. If Islam is not threatened and Muslims wa ge war against non-believers thus this cannot be referred to as Lesser Jihad. all over the age various people have interpreted the Quran, their interpretations were influenced by the struggles that they were experiencing at that time. Factors such as oppression, depression, anger, suffering, hunger for power, hatred and other factors have influenced the interpreters erudition of the scriptures. For instance, the Taliban strict and extreme version of Islam has regular(a) made other Muslim countries view the Taliban with suspicion. Osama Bin Laden, the leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda has quoted the Quran on several occasions to justify their violent actions on the west. semipolitical leaders use religion to convince and justify their selfish desires. victimisation religion makes their argument convincing because they twist and interpreted the scriptures to serve the dissolve and believers easily embrace them and believe it is just. Al Qaeda has used suicide bombing as t actics for attacks and the Quran forbids this. (burk /Norton)By large, Christianity is a religion that preaches peace but the record of killings and destruction in the past is contradictory to its teachings. In the past, wars were fought against those who opposed Christianity the wars were fought primarily against Muslims. This is because the rise of lslam slowed down and threatened afford of Christianity. lslam under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate spread from what is now Saudi Arabia in the Arabian Peninsula to Spain and parts of France. (The Origins of the Crusade 1) This made lslam a treat to Christianity and the Catholic Church, which was very powerful during the medieval times. The Church had enough political backing to collapse anything or anyone that disobeys or treating the beliefs of the Church. Some have argued about the religious cause of the crusades and these are some of their arguments. Some argue that they were a necessary rejoinder by Christendom to the oppress ion of pilgrims in Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. Others claim that it was political imperialism masked by religious piety. Furthermore, others argue that it was a social release for a social club that was becoming overburdened by landless nobles. (Crusades and religious violence 1) some(prenominal) the reason, it does not change the fact that a lot of lives and property were incapacitated in the process.The first Crusades were organized by Pope Urban II in 1095. His main aim was to take Jerusalem from the hands of those he believed were non believers. Pope Urban II helped lay the foundation for many years of bitter and violent fighting between Christianity and other religions. The Crusades were triggered by popes at that time like Pope Urban ll and Pope Eugene III who called for the second crusade (the crusades1). The crusades were also used as a form of proceeds the lost lands of Christians and getting more power for the Church. The periods of the crusades were from 1905-1291 CE . In total, there were each eight or nine Crusades, depending on your view. Most historians consider the 9th Crusade to be part of the 8th. It was not only believers of other religions that suffered persecution, some Christians also suffered. Church theologians or leaders dealt with anybody who followed another religion or come up with rational thoughts that threatened Christian beliefs an example is the case of Galileo. Galileos teachings during the seventeenth century threatened the geocentric view of the universe. He said that the country revolved around the temperateness. The church maintained that the earth was stationary and the sun and heavenly bodies revolved around it and this was an accepted fact. Thus were Galileos claims, labeled as the ranting of a heretic and he was confronted by the church leaders and told to recant his theory or face the consequences (which generally meant death). In addition, counterbalance after the civil war in the United States, the protestan t-led white supremacist Ku Klux Klan members prosecute in destruction of property, cross burning, beating, arson, murder rape and whipping against Jew, Catholics and African Americans and other social ethnic minorities. These are grave crimes exhibiting extreme violence and brutality. This was pure Christian radicalism. In addition The Arm of God (AOD) is an hush-hush Christian terrorist formation active in the United States. This group has been twisty in anti-abortion violence such as murder, property crimes and kidnapping. All these organization believe they are fighting for the morals of their religion and in the name of God.Consequently, religious violence has lead to religious and ethnic profiling in society. The recent terrorist attacks have found to be rooted to religion and ethnicity thus causing countries to use profiling as a context for righteousness enforcement and counter terrorism. Profiling can be defined as the use of racial, religious or ethnic stereotypes, rat her than individual behavior, as a basis for making law enforcement and investigative decisions about who has been or may be involved in criminal activity. The global generalizations about a particular ethnic or religious groups propensity to commit a crime has made life difficult for people with certain ethnicity or religion. Society begins to look at such people as dominance threats and this affects their daily lives at school work and social interaction.Finally, today religion is not really considered an act of violence, Christians especially Catholics are not olympian of the crusades that happened in the past. This point in history, are now looked upon as a dark period In Christianity. A group of Western Christians of late formed a body, their aim is to repair the damage caused by the crusades by apologizing to the other religions that were affected during that time. But when have Christians demonstrated this love to Muslims or Jews? We have gone to them with swords and guns. We have gone to them with racism and hatred. We have gone to them with feelings of cultural superiority and economic domination. We have gone to them with colonialism and exploitation. We have even gone to them with the Gospel cloaked in arguments of superiority. Only a few have ever gone with the message of Calvary We must do more than carry the message, we must be the message Reconciliation Walk. This kind of movement helps to show that Christians are not willing to carry out the crusade no recent case has been heard. Todays Christians want to practice their religion without harming anybody. The same can be said for most Muslims, although some Muslims extremists are obsessed with fighting the west. I believe Muslims and Christians can live unitedly if only they are more welcoming and try to understand each other. In addition, if they abide by the morals and holy teaching of their scriptures then there would be some level of peace and acceptance. Violence in the name of God does not make it holy nor justify it.

Evaluation Of Reading Skills English Language Essay

Evaluation Of edition Skills English diction EssayIn Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary (2nd edition, 2005) definition of a voice communication is decl atomic number 18d as a organization of communication consisting of sounds, haggling and grammar, or the outline of communication used by the people of a particular(prenominal) coun shew or profession. And that means, realiseing a lyric poem to communicate mighty in that language requires mastering every parts of a language system such as the vocabulary, the grammar and the sound system. fit to Dawani (2006) in pasture to communicate in a language one should study a balance of four basic language skills which are meter translation, listening, writing, and speaking. Thats why commandment and military rating of these skills has a particular importance in language education. In this paper, the rating of one of four basic language skills, namely Reading Skill will be dissertateed in detail. save it is essential to prepare close to basic facts about discipline sooner starting to discuss its evaluation. match to Alyousef (2005), as a definition, indi put upt is can be sensed as an interactive process, leading to automaticity or fluency, between a schoolbook edition and a reader. Agreeing that, Rasinski (2004) states, accurate and automatic decoding of the account books by better-looking its expressive interpretations to achieve maximum apprehension means interlingual rendition fluency. Accordingly, Rasinski (2004) once again states that see does non merely mean accurate decoding of the give voices like instructors thought for years. And thats why the assessment of reading should involve the energy of fluency and comprehension, for sure.Reading in a different language has traditionally stemmed from the need of accessing the written literature of a high finishing and as a material these literature pieces are used to lock on as Byrnes (1998) suggests. As the aim of this kind of reading does not involve a real communication, the reading fluency is ignored. Later with the bearing of communicative approach, instead of high culture literature, reading texts started to be chosen according to the current reading aims, like apply everyday materials such as newspaper articles, bus schedules, etc., for purposes to develop communicative competence. As a result, over time teaching of reading and reading drills at each levels became a fundamental part of language teaching.According to Stages of Reading ripening of Challs (1983) reading is a continuous process which develops through about trusted stages. Agreeing that, Beers (2006) adds that in case of a skip in a reading development stage, students will struggle in their reading ability and finally this will also affect their writing skills. Thats why instructors should be completely attentive to students comprehension of each stage of reading process before continuing with the next level. According to Carni ne Silbert (2004), Assessments provide the information that will alter educators to provide peasantren with instruction that starts where they are and then build on that bag to help peasantren advance to the higher levels.(p. 13-15). As it is apparent from all these researchers statements, the evaluation of reading is a crucial part of teaching a language. Although nigh of the researches of that field unite in the importance of evaluation, they differ in the opinions for the evaluation mediums. No matter how much a particular evaluation token is praised by educators, in reality all of them has some advantages and disadvantages and use of these evaluation events is barely a matter of preference.Hughes (2007) states that all assessments are essentially knowing to develop the learning of students. Accordingly, evaluation is the process of gathering, utilizing a variety of sources and supply students with descriptive feedback for future development. And these assessment proc esses are listed as following in miscellaneous sourcesInformal Reading Inventories (IRIs)In that evaluation type, the teacher decides a reading skill level by calculating the ratio of justly read words in a passage as it is verbalise in NICHHD (2000). In IRIs, there are three main reading skill levels. According to Rasinski (2004) levels of performance for word decoding accuracy in reading can be listed as the following list self-supporting aim 97-100% Without AssistanceInstructional Level 90-96% With AssistanceFrustration Level The reason of these scale is explained in Mohler (2004) with a comparison of comprehension levels with these word accuracy levels in independent level 90% or more comprehension, in instructional level 60% or more comprehension, and in Frustration level 50% or more comprehension occurs.According to McEwan (2002) this measure of oral reading fluency is the most sensitive to the secondary changes in reading ability, simplest and quickest classroom asses sment type that is known. Adams (1990) states that letter recognition speed and accuracy are essential for reading advance and growth as letter recognition sub-skill improves word recognition skill.On the other hand, according to Rasinski (2004) in spite of the fact that IRIs determine accuracy part determining the overall performance level of readers, they hire reader to read several word lists and passages orally and to be examined on their comprehension of each passage which eventually leads to one to two hours of exploit for a complete IRI. In contrast to what Adams (1990) says, Rasinski (2004) finds it very time-consuming, particularly in case an application of the inventory to a struggling reader.Miscue summaryGunther (2007) defines sideslip as any unpredictable calling of a word or parting of text. The inventor of this analysis type, Ken Goodman specifically avoids using the term error instead of miscalling because of its negative implications. Goodman (1969) declare s that a departure from the text does not necessarily exhibit a negative side of the reading process but it rather opens a window on the reading process which can assist both teachers and students. Using this method, a teacher can be more easily aware of the students comprehension by looking at the kind of mistakes he/she arrests.According to Gunther (2007) miscue analysis particularly focuses on the readers cueing system similar to the ones used to describe the results of hurry play natures. These cueing systems are listed as the followings the graphophonic system (visual cues in running records), the syntactic system (syntax or structure cues in running records), and the semantic system ( implication cues in running records). In these cueing systems, there are six types of miscues as stated here 1st Correction A child self-corrects his/her error and re-reads the section/word without prompting, 2nd Insertion A child adds a a couple of(prenominal) words which are not on the pag e, 3rd Omission A child omits a word while reading a text, fourth Repetition A child repeats a word or some part of the text, 5th Reversal A child will change the order of the text or the word, 6th Substitution A child places a different word, instead of reading a particular word.According to Wilde (2000) instead of focusing more on the number of miscues as in running records, miscue analysis is more concerned with type of miscues because world a good reader does not necessarily require a word-by-word comprehension of the text. Due to the fact that skipping, substituting, miscalling words does not necessarily make someone a bad reader, miscue analysis respects the reasons of miscues and develops the reading success of the given student according to the information gained by the analysis.However according to Kuroneko (2008) a technical knowledge of linguistic concepts and long win analysis is required to conduct Goodmans miscue analysis thats why it is a complicated process to le arn.Running RecordsRunning Records is defined by corpse (1985) as a teacher adjustment to run a miscue analysis in the busy atmosphere of the classroom. According to Hughes (2007) diagnostic, formative and additive assessments can be conducted via running records. However using solely running records does not give enough evidence for evaluation purposes. According to Glover (2008) this type of assessment is useful for deciding the level of text used by the teacher and student and gaining the insights of the strategy types a child utilizes while reading. at that place are two separate parts of this assessment the running record and a comprehension check. In running record part, the teacher basically uses some marking conventions and symbols to record the readers reading manner including accuracies, errors, assistance from the teacher and self-corrections while he/she continuous to read from the book and in comprehension check part the teacher utilizes retelling method by involvein g some comprehension questions as it is stated in A Guide to impelling Instruction in Reading, Kindergarten to Grade 3 (2003, p.12, 27).While the teacher is evaluating the errors, he/she investigates them from three aspects as it is expressed by Gunther (2007) 1st Meaning whether the meaning of the text has an influence on the childs reading, 2nd Syntax whether the child reads in a grammatically and linguistically reasonable way, 3rd Visual whether the child is mistaken for another word because of the words appearance/letters.According to what is mentioned by Gunther (2007), a teacher can decide a learning purport utilizing students errors as an instantaneous materialize for further learning because running records reveals the students cuing system and self correction patterns. Correspondingly, Johnston (1997) also states that comprehending the reasons behind errors, a teacher can put his/her knowledge of instruction to use to guide the student to learn. In A Guide to Effective I nstruction in Reading, Kindergarten to Grade 3 (2003) the advantages of using running records are stated as followings being an good and effective medium to record independent reading behaviors and providing a chance for teachers to observe students use of cues and strategies during an oral reading. Despite the time it takes to evaluate all students individually, running records when conducted on a regular basis creates a bounteous source of assessment information on the continuous development of an individual.De Leon (2009), on the other hand, lists some of the disadvantages this evaluation type posses as followings requirement of eloquent use of language, dependence on the ability to observe details and compile quickly, making the student feel watched, become uncomfortable thus remnant of the nature of the recording, causing the teacher to be unavailable to control the classroom because of being focused on the recording, giving information about only one student at one time a nd can be tiring for the recorder because of its intensity.As it is apparent from the article, there are sundry(a) evaluation types for the assessment of reading skill. While this is the case, the important question to ask can be the aim of the researcher/teacher when conducting one of the reading assessment methods. Although all of them stem from the need for improving the teaching step of reading ability, they all differ from each other with the ways they try to achieve this. Some of them are depending on the number of the miscalled words while another one is paying help to the type of miscalling. All of them shit some week points compared to others as it can be seen by the objections of various researchers. Although, personally, I found, among all assessment types, running records very useful to learn the insights of the reading ability of a student, I also agree with the researchers who are opposed to this evaluation method because of its excessive needs. Just because of the time and attention demanded by this assessment, the application of it to the real circumstances becomes nearly impossible.As a conclusion, it can be clearly said that all the evaluation methods endure their advantages and disadvantages coming with them. As long as they are conducted with a excess care, all methods can assist students to improve their reading skills.

Fighting Corruption through Making Music :: Essays on Corruption

Fighting Corruption through MusicSinging or so depravation is not a new thing and can be exposit as a disease one can compare with human immunodeficiency virus/Aids as been the second most popular in Africa. indeed numerous see it as the most main cause of some a(prenominal) another(prenominal) African states slowness in terms of stable economic growth .It is therefore no secret to many ordinary citizens you who keep inquire or face with the dilemma as to how really their governments are in operation(p) .As such life in relation to economic growth during and afterward post colonial rule as always been a litmus test.Sierra LeoneThe name meaning (Lion mountain) from a Portuguese sailor ?Pedro da sentra also this beautiful diamond shaped country was used by then British colonial masters to settle free slaves frankincense the capital city was named Freetown .With so many minerals and other resources feature with already many IMF loans been given many see it as been remote enough to have change the deplorable living standard of many of its citizens forty years after independence. It is therefore no surprise to many n view of the present governing authorities lack of foil and willingness to prosecute or crack down hard on those they order in corrupt practice , the faith of many citizens on the Anti-corruption way been set up is nothing to go by.State of the medicinal drug diligenceThe harmony Industry has dramatically grown in the last duplicate of years despite harsh conditions faced by musicians and composers alike. For many music is sacred , thus it can calm the troubled mind and cohere the wandering sense. As such , Sierra Leone during the past years has produced some(prenominal) distinct traditional musicians such as John Gbala ,Amy Kallon. , Salia,, Rogers(Rogie),Ebenezer Calender and many more.As old musicians continue to rebirth themselves and young musicians continue to see the music in dustry gaining its reputation , there is now arrays of musicians in categories such as R&B, POP, traditional , Reggae and religious music.Level of CensorshipThe level of security review on music is always a big question whenever musicians produced songs about sensitive issues such as ?

Ralph Vaughan Williams: Symphony Number Five :: essays research papers

Ralph Vaughan Williams Symphony Number FiveRalph Vaughan Williams, descended from the famous Wedgwood and Darwin families,was born(p) at Down Ampney, Gloucestershire in 1872. In 1890 he entered the RoyalCollege of Music, and in 1892 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. One of the superior of the British composers, a fat writer of music, folksongcollector, and champion of British cultural heritage, he died recovered 85 in 1958.His ashes are interred in Westminster Abbey alongside the nations giganticestartists and poets. Symphony No. 5 in DIntroductionThe harmony contains a lot of material from RVWs then(prenominal) unfinished opera, ThePilgrims Progress. When he began the 5th Symphony, RVW thought he may n incessantlyfinish the opera, and didnt want to muck up any good ideas. The symphony orchestra does nothave a programme, it is infrangible music. It is in four motilitys a "Preludio"first movement, a Scherzo, a "Romanza" boring movement, and a "Passa caglia" finale.First Movement PreludioFrom the very beginning, RVW puts the key signature of this movement into doubt.The movement opens with a horn call in D, set against a firm base (or bass?) ofoctave Cs. Could it be that in the great traditions of British musicalamateurism, RVW got his transposition wrong? Or is this a moot featureof the music, intended to blur the tonality? Musicologists prefer the latterexplanation. This is by no means an unusual feature of his music, when he wasasked what the 4th symphony was about, RVW replied "It is about F-minor",alluding to his sometimes hazy tonalities, often augmented by his occasion of modal,mainly pentatonic melodies, which, with no leading note, often help to fudgethe tonality. apart from the horn call, the brass is seldom used, and thetexture is light and airy. The first violins then enter, high on the E string, dual at the octave to a lower place by the seconds in an introduction, before their maintheme at (1), dou bled by flutes. The triplets add rhythmic variety, as well asproviding a distinctly folkie feel. During the course of the movement, thedistinctive dotted rhythm of the horns hardly ever leaves us. There are somerather abrupt key changes. i.e. Eb to E at (5). We are taken into the Allegro bya sharp change in mood. The music darkens with a slightly sinister stochastic variable ofthe horn call in the bassoons. We then enter the Allegro, with a scuttle inthe arrange, whilst the wind begins a downward progression of notes, whichbuilds to a climax, with strings in semiquavers, until we reach the original

Cosquer Cave :: Anthropology Research Papers

Cosquer CaveAround 27,000 years ago it is believed that large glaciers were revolve across the Alps. These glaciers were so large and held such a large metre of water that the sea level of the Mediterranean dropped some 100 meters. When the coal scuttle of the subvert was revealed, men entered the hollow out and drew amazing paintings and drawings along the walls. When the realm became warm again the glaciers melted, and the sea level rose. The subvert entrance was formerly again covered up by 37 meters of water. (Time Travellers) This cave was confidential for thousands of years until 1985, when scuba diver Henri Cosquer find the cave entrance. It is some one hundred ten feet below sea level on Cabo Morgiou, which is near Marseille, in the grey part of France. It led him through a 450 feet long sloping delve to a large air-filled chamber. When Henri returned in 1991 to the dark chamber, he detect a handprint on the cave wall. Soon he noticed more handprints. When Henri re turned with other explorers, they searched and found ar twork and many pictograph and petroglyphs. (Dawn of Prehistoric.) After doing radiocarbon geological dating, explorers discovered that the first handprint Cosquer found was 27,000 years old. At the time, it was the oldest date for a cave painting known anywhere. With more searching, charcoal was found and dated as being 27,870 to 26,360 years old. The gap in the dating leads explorers to believe that the cave was in disuse during the gap amidst the dates. (Dawn of Prehistoric) Radiocarbon dating done on the paintings and drawings of the animals has lead prehistorians to believe these works ar between 18,500 and 19,000 years old. Of the hundred animal images, horses are nearly one-third of the drawings. some(prenominal) of the horses only show the heads, while some represent the entire frame of the animal. Other animal paintings include ibexes, chamois and some bison. (The Cosquer Cave) A astonishment to many of the explor ers were the paintings of sea animals. Although sea level was around 360 feet lower thence the cave entrance, and the cave entrance was only a couple kilometers from shore. blue jean Clottes and Jean Courtin, two prehistorians, said One of the most delightful surprises of the Cosquer cave was its depiction of sea animals. A few paintings and engravings of saltwater fish are known in Upper Paleolithic cave art, but drawings that touch like seals had so far only been recorded in two cave, at La Pileta and at Nerja in Andalusia.

Comparing Lamb to the Slaughter and the Speckled Band :: Lamb Band Slaughter compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Lamb to the Slaughter and the Speckled BandIn this ratvass i am going to comp be ii short stories, and learn if they be traditional execute mystery stories. I want to bump into if the storiesalso follow the conventions of a murder mystery twaddle. One account statement iscalled Lamb to the Slaughter and the other is The Speckled Band.The story Lamb to the Slaughter (LTS) was written in 1954, whichis over cardinal years ago. The Speckled Band (TSB) was written in1892. Roald Dahl wrote the story LTS. This story does not follow theconventions of a murder mystery story. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote TSB.This is a murder mystery story. It follows the base conventions ofmurder mysteries. I will try to put down the differences between the twostories, and show how the stories have different genres.Genre is a fibre. Geenre is a french word which means Type. Many thingshave genres. Things we rehearse to entertain ourselfs with, or pass timewith, have a genre. For example, ge t hold ofs, music, books, games and umteenother things have genres. Genre is important because it lets peopleknow what they are doing. If someone is watching a film they would wntto know what genre it is. It could be a horror,thriller, comedy oranything else. So this helps them to know what type of film they arewatching, but it would not give away any demote of the film. Genre isuseful for writers, film makers or artists. They would know what areato target, and they can make money.I am trying to find out if these two stories, LTS and TSB, aremurder mysery stories. Murder mysteries have conventions. They arebasic requirments and these are-The Detective is the main focus-The reader/viewer (if a film) is delimit a challenge or challanges-Usually set ater the murder-Gradually builds tention-Denoment (crime is solved) Ending-Then finis has a moralEvery murder mystery has a basic story line and must have most of theconventions to fit the genre.In LTS Mrs Maloney is portrayed as a norm al wife. She is notpresented as a murderer. At the beginning of the story it said she...glance up at the quantify and...was waiting for her husband.When he came back home sheTook his coat.She thenWalked over and make the drinks.This is what any normal wife would do. She then asked,Shall i get your slippers?and she treasured to make him some dinner. She appears as though she is aloving sympathize with wife. She does not look like a suspect for any type of

The Japanese Entertainment Industry Essay -- Japan Animation Anime Art

The lacquerese Entertainment IndustryThirty-five years ago, Japans pleasure industry found an answer to its problems. Still ontogeny in the aftermath of defeat in World War II, and the later(prenominal) restructuring plan instituted by the United States, Japan was without surplus resources. There was no money for the production of films. American films soon began invading the Nipponese entertainment industry. Yet the Japanese people longed for entertainment which would reflect their own culture. And so keep...developed in Japan to fill the void of high-budget film-making (Marin, 69). In the years that followed, animation would take a pop-cultural foothold in Japan that has grown and transformed, and in time exists today. Even with the onset of increasing economic fortitude, animation continued to roll within Japans entertainment industry. The creative possibilities of animations unparalleled visual story-telling capacities had been discovered by Japanese filmmakers, and would continue to be exploited into the present age. Japanese animation, more commonly referred to as anime, or Japanimation, has somewhat different origins than western animation. Where animation developed to entertain European and American children through comedic exploits, anime was created to entertain wider audience groups. Indeed, one faculty find difficulty in characterizing all anime together the Japanese take over viewed animation as a medium of creation rather a form of entertainment limited in audience and expression. gum anime is included in a group from which the United States has traditionally prohibited animation specifically, anime is considered a form of creative expression, much as are literature, modern art, live-action films, and other arts. A man by the cognomen of Osamu Tezuka first envisioned animations possibilities in Japan in the 1960s (Ledoux, 1). Tezuka realized the power animation could lend to story-telling, and produced a uncounted of animated films and television programs from which modern-day anime has made its genesis. At first heavily influenced by Disneys animation, Tezukas animation soon transcended the bound within which American animation had placed itself. Tezuka can be credit today with being the first to produce animation for a advanced(a) audience. Osamu Tezuka adapted comics, the most popular form of entertainment in Japan, to his animatio... ...ons superiority over American animation. In fact, most do non even consider the two comparable. Japanimation has proven its quality on various levels, and certainly deserves the respect it is beginning to receive.Japanese animation is superior to American animation in form and content. Fans prefer animes audiovisual aid presentation. Fans thrill to Japanimations action, and become enthralled in its story lines. Japanese animation has proven itself superior not only to American animation, that also to animation the world over, and today anime is starting a revolution in the idea of animation as a hobby. A multitude of fresh, exciting adventures that have until present remained unexperienced in the United States stay overseas. If Japanese animation is given a warm enough reception in the years to come it could provide entertainment for many walks of American society. Trish Ledouxs sentiment regarding anime is perhaps most significant in the comparison of Japanese animation to American animationIn technique, style, and higher up all, maturity...sic - Japanese animators have long since gone where no American animators have gone before. Theyve gone beyond. Ledoux, 14