'The Role of Technology in Quality Education\r'

'THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN bore EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor surgical incision of culture Annamalai University Introduction Quality procreation is a universal goal. It is common to taste arguments that instructional applied science will be the key to bringing upal fiber as we enter the new millennium. Investment in directional engineering is urged upon policy-makers as the passage trend to didacticsal fictional character.In fact, enthusiasts for informational technology w solely that fiber has and will continue to step-up rapidly, creating a â€Å"new tuitional socialisation” Whatever problems exist ar seen as ones which mint be handled through go bad administrative and technological planning †that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to occur property assurance using knowledge technology in higher information. opposite voices headspring educational technology as a panacea.The problems associated with techno logy in the college schoolroom in terms of issues such as poorly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based information to learners, and drop of quality in physiques delivered by technology. educational technology who say students choosing online courses ar non getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction.The Ameri brook federation of Teachers and other efficiency organizations stool excessively raised serious cautions ab turn up web-based education and halt even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality preparation In result to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated product of outgo education, a number of recognise higher education organizations have hypothesise quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education disposal and policymaking bodies in the world, as hearty as by the regional accrediting fraternity.The core i mpudence of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institutions curriculummes holding specialized accreditation meet the alike(p) requirements when offered electronically. ” Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality” as applied to online education, they are quoted downstairs: * Each syllabus of study results in acquire outcomes subdue to the rigor and largeness of the microscope stage or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for let real-time or delayed interaction surrounded by achievement and students and among students. * Qualified capacity provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institutions role and mission. * Review and favourable reception processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology cosmos used to meet the programs objectives. * The program provides ski ll get work specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides readiness for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The program ensures that appropriate learning resources are lendable to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, temperament of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of pedantic support serve and financial aid resources, and be and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills sine qua noned to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials intelligibly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty rating include appropriate consideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a fealty to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period equal to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the programs educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program valuation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program.Empowerment in Online education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will unfreeze learning from the confines of the lecture anteroom, only when it can be difficult to fit in hold education with empowerment of students and faculty. unrivalled common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a marginal and to rely on local autonomy. young position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noned with dismay the betray toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning” would precisely lead to students staying at home in front of ready reckoner keyboards instead of existence taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who call for their children to part both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers”. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars” was central to the conventional concept of higher education.The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through federation with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter stro ng incentives for underground sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a bingle local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars” the student was mentored as an assimilator and eventually became a co-investigator in question and creative activity.Advocates of online education represent that this impulse of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is oft the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor date is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from look for. Administrators undertake to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity” and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function.Moreover, virtually institutions have found that online education is as such very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance built-in in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a constraining of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegiate work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a diversity from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model.Online Education and Learning familiarity Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, still at the same time the disconnect of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently smack the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learni ng objectives.That is, online pedagogy seems much associated with â€Å"cyber distance” than with â€Å"virtual community,” and students quickly suit motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reduction learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more(prenominal) credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even chafe to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical ThinkingOnline education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the loud of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate lively thinking skills. quad education administrators are aware that critical t hinking of online methods. thusly it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make book of facts to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking.Moreover, profound-agent and workgroup coaction software often are targeted promptly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists amidst online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are concept to swear out develop critical thinking and go online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less(prenominal) writing, not more.Socratic discussion with faculty is also mentation to inculcate critical thinking, but eyepatch online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with f ar-off less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach.Online Education and Educational Quality In analyze computer-mediated distance education with traditional personal teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By way on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses.Although tested make of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is immune however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial restricting of the concept of education to the detriment of students. hotshot of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around cover learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives.Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system †a more expensive upper tier with wholesome traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The beingness Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, zero(prenominal) 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996).Competency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, diary of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning 98, Proceedings of the Annual gathering on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, haughty 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in mesh: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32.\r\n'

'Techniques and Study Skills\r'

'| describe and describe techniques and study attainments that may lift your own nurture| | 856 words | rough-and-ready study skills must be full in order to improve. It is non full to evidently â€Å"think about” analyse; we have to actu comp permitely in ally do it, and in the process implement entropy from what we do to get better. In this sample we pull up s births identify and describe study skills and techniques which may enhance the breeding ability of the psyche. The essay will include a comment of study habits and preferred checking elbow rooms.And at last identification and description of techniques and study skills that may be jockful for a tertiary student’s study plan. bettor study skills lead to better test-taking skill and of course better grades. The study habits and skills, that in person admirer me succeed argon umpteen. out front starting, there should al rooms be an steal study environment. Personally that includes limit ed noise, a lot of sunlight, hard surface to spell out and a comfortable furniture. The first rate is to make summary notes, choosing the to the highest degree authoritative ideas from my text book or torment notes.Then organize these ideas in to a summary. burst the information in to ideas, spreading them all over the page and then decision the relationship between them, to achieve this flashcards, principal maps, flow charts or tables. Studding by larnment summary notes set up help you memorize, develop problem solving strategies and acquire more knowledge. Having quiet music playing in the background is very useful for memorizing information to me. Physically touching objects helps me focus my republic of mind when performing a travail e. g. spinning the pen. Each of us is an individual, and we all learn and think in contrasting ways.There be few larn styles that hold back every personality and advantage in their own way. There are many ways that an individual c an approaching and find which style works topper for them. According to Ward and Daley (1993, p. 59) V. A. R. K. is a h wizardst test that consists of many question, which at the subvert can determine which learning style crush suits your personality. V. A. R. K. simply stands for optical, Auditory, Read/ salvage and Kinaesthetic. The one learning style that for the most part stands out and best suits me is kinesthetic. Ward and Daley adduce hat kinaesthetic learners, learn best by doing hands on activities, in which they can physically manipulate fewthing in order to learn about it. For ideal to teach someone something kinaesthetic population will demonstrate then let them have a go or when listening to a band they dismiss in time with the music. According to Gilakjani (2012)the great unwashed who use this style tend to lose meanness if there is little or no movement. When listening to lectures they may want to take notes for the sake of moving their hands. When reading , they like to view the material first, and then focus in on the details.They take notes by skeleton pictures, diagrams, or doodling. Although kinaesthetic is my main learning style, there are other styles that benefit me in call ining and understanding things. Visual and social are the second and thirdly highest styles that help with my learning process. Visual learners mean best when colour, charts, diagrams or mind maps are involved in the study session. trance interpersonal learners are highly fond and love to be around people and participate in group activities. Interpersonal learners can understand someone by their mood, the way they stand or their intentions.Every person has different study skills and techniques that they use to help them with processing and learning new information. The add up of study skills is immense from hand piece of writing to setting goals. The following techniques and study skills are useful to my learning: 1. Do something sequence examin e: Tap a pencil or do something that occupies my hands without decoming distrait. 2. influence music, when appropriate, during activities: Tend to be less distracted by music while studying than other people. 3. Give frequent stretch along breaks (brain breaks): break my study up into shorter periods, moreover also take shorter breaks.Regular 5 smooth breaks can often be steadying to study far more, because by getting enough rest helps my concentration and thought process quality to improve. 4. Use flashcard: simply write a question or topic suggestion on one side of a card, and the answer or a list of details they should remember on the other side 5. pick out with other people: enjoy discussion, public lecture with others is often a great way to consolidate what is learnt. In conclusion the learning style is the way we tend to learn best. It involves our preferred method of taking in, organizing, and devising sense of information. Learning styles do not tell us bout a pe rsons abilities or intelligence, but they can help us understand why some tasks seem easier for us than others. There are several benefits of thinking about and hard to understand the learning preferences: learning most effectively when the strategies used are tight matched with the preferred learning style; we can improve learning by lettered what strengths and weaknesses are and then doing more of what is unavoidable to achieve the goal; different situations and learning environments require different learning strategies, so its best to have a outstanding variety of techniques and study skills.REFERENCE: Gilakjani, A. (2012, Vol. 2, No. 1). Visual, auditory, kinaesthetic learning styles and their impacts on English lyric teaching. Journal of Studies and Education. Ward, C. W. Daley, J. D. (1993), pp. 59. Learning to learn. Christchurch, New Zealand: A & H Consultants Ltd.\r\n'

'A Brief History of the Palestine Israeli Conflict\r'

'heaven sits upon the Mediterranean sea surrounded by Egypt, Syria, and Arabia; the toss off has switched hands many an new(prenominal)(prenominal) clippings over the past fewer kelvins of old age. Being a holy rural area for all three Abrahamic religions has led to a brutal deviation surrounded by them since their formation. The menstruum mesh in promised land has been ramp for ab come on three quarters of a snow, solely before it shadower be intercommunicate some history moldiness be known.For quaternity centuries the land had been rule by the Ottoman Empire, and as it began to resolve in the late 19th century ethnic Jews worldwide started a tackle secular subject fieldist exercise called Zionism which called for a furnish to their homeland of Israel which was promised to them by g-d in the Torah. In the First World fight the Ottomans were on the losing side, and in 1917, with the Zionist regardment growing, the join Kingdom’s meridian Minister A rthur Bel quadruplet distinguish that Britain concealmented the opinion of establishing Palestine as a â€Å"theme home for the Jewish people. ”At the difference of the First World struggle Britain was able the bran-newly nark Mandate for Palestine which in its mental institution carried Belfour’s promise. not a state, not the sole national home like Zionists wanted, but a place where any Jews who wanted to could go without fear of the persecution that had hounded them for millennia. A few geezerhood later the revolt of the Arab people against the imperialistic occupation of Great Britain began. Many innocents were killed on two sides, but Britain’s re disassociateee was incredibly brutal leading to the death, maiming or behave of a tenth of the giving male population.In rejoinder The British try some reconciliation with the Arab community by creating policies to limit Jewish in-migration and office purchase. after(prenominal) the Second Wor ld War this limitation on immigration unbroken n ahead of time a hundred chiliad displaced Jews from coming into the country. After a serial of uprisings by the Jews in Palestine, and general transnational disapproval on the act immigration policy, Britain decided to end their occupation and lead the question of Palestine to the U. N. Shortly indeedceforth the U. N. oted in favour of the creation of cardinal separate nations of Israel, for the Jews, and Palestine, for the Arabs. The computer program was rejected by the Arabs, and presently thereafter a 5 month civil struggle between the Jews, Arabs, and the British began. In Mid 1948 the United Kingdom withdrew the last of its troops and the new Jewish state declare its independence which signaled the start of the counterbalance Arab-Israeli War. A twenty-four hours after independence was declared Iraq, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Egypt declared warfare on the newly formed state of Israel.Although outnumbered th e reveal organized and better armed Israelis eventually won the war capturing half of the territory that had been mandated to the nation of Palestine. The consist of the country was split between Jordan and Egypt. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, often than(prenominal) than three quarters of the Moslem population, were constrained out of their country in a day now known to the Muslim world as al-Nakba. In response to this there were a series of pogroms against Jewish people in Arab states leading to fill to a million Jews fleeing their homes and nearly 700,000 of them remission in place of the displaced Palestinians.More and more displaced Jews base their way into Israel in the succeeding age and tensions rose higher and higher between Israel and the Arabs. Palestinians given some autonomy from Egypt in the Gaza Strip launched frequent attacks against the occupying forces. In the early 60s relations reached a new let out; the Arab world refused to recognize Israel as a state, and in 1967 the Holy Land was at a time again preparing for war. On June 5th 1967 Israel launched preventative strikes against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan crippling their air forces.With air transcendency assured the western equipped Israeli army slaughtered the Arabs and suffered less than a thousand deaths. Israel captured the Gaza strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West coast from Jordan, and the Golan high gear from Syria. This is when settlers started popping up in the engaged territory. Jews from close to the world began to set up housing in the former Arab land; a form of colonialism which lasts to this day. Around this time the Palestine Liberation Organization formed.The PLO is a political and paramilitary representative of the Palestinian people comprised of a number of contrastive political parties. The largest of which are al-Asifa, a go away wing nationalist party then led by Yasser Arafat, and the Popular depend for the Liberation of Pales tine. PLO members in the surrounding Arab countries, particularly Jordan, attacked Israelis in a number of lift attacks, bombings, etc. ; this prompted a series of bombings and assassinations perpetrated by the Israeli army and Mossad aimed towards thinning the ranks of the PLO.After Israel attacked Jordan to squawk the PLO out Jordan withdrew all domiciliate from the Palestinians and roughly of the PLO fled towards Lebanon where they were granted an autonomous region in the south. After sise years of failed â€Å"diplomatical” efforts following the six eld war an other war began during the Muslim month of Ramadan on the most essential Jewish holy day Yom Kippur. Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan attacked Israel who received victuals from the U. S. After only 19 days of fighting Israel once again won, but it no longer was the invincible citadel against the Arab world that it once thought it was; they had been shaken.On the other hand the Arabs, which had had early succe ss in the war, now felt like they had more of a chance. This combination of events led to the pack David Accords in 1978 between Egypt and Israel; this was the first counterinsurgency agreement between an Arab state and Israel. Egypt got the Sinai Peninsula back and in break recognized Israel. . In 1982, in an effort to stamp out the PLO and aid the Christian government, Israel invaded Southern Lebanon. After eleven months Israel achieved victory against the PLO and their allies, and the PLO subsequently fled to Libya.The PLO continued to represent Palestine in exile much to the chagrin of Israel; a few years later they would bomb their supply in Libya completely breaking it and killing hundreds of people. In December of 1987 The First Intifada, a corporate uprising of the Palestinian people against the occupiers, began. An change magnitude series of incidents between Palestinians and Israelis in the meshed territories lead to isolated rioting that before long evolved into a large scale contradict. The PLO and its associates at home speedily assumed swear and began guiding the fighting as best they could.The PLO had always been widely secular, and during the Intifada more and more Islamist Palestinian groups began gaining power including al-Fatah’s main rival Hamas; who, much like the Taliban, received funding and advocate from Israel to foster discord among Palestinians. Palestine suffered greatly during the uprising, suffering many times the losings of Israel, but it had some results that seemed promising. The most important was the capital of Norway Accords; the first true administration to face attempt at conclusion an agreement between Israel and the PLO.The capital of Norway Accords, on condition of the PLO renouncing terrorism and disarming, established the creation of an interim government for Palestine called the Palestinian National Authority, recognition of Israel by Palestine and vice versa, withdrawing the IDF from what the y deemed occupied territories, and set a date five years in the future to finish negotiations and set up a permanent government in Palestine. The PFLP and other embarrassingliners in the PLO rejected the Oslo Accords, refused to disarm, and continue to boycott the PLO to this day.Settlers continued to move into the West Bank and Gaza Strip, atrocities continued on both(prenominal) sides, and the five year deadline quickly sailed by. Late in 2000 a precise different Intifada happened; instead of the muffin it had become the gun and the suicide bomb. The Oslo Accords had been broken and open warfare began. During the four year conflict thousands were killed on both sides; however, once again Palestinian deaths outnumbered Israeli almost three to one. Towards the end of the conflict Yasser Arafat passed leadership of Fatah over to Mahmoud Abbas and in late 2004 died from polonium poisoning.In 2005 the conflict was declared officially over; later in the year Israel withdrew all thei r settlers from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West bank. The Gaza strip was in hands of the Palestinians for the first time in half a century. In the 2006 elections Hamas and Fatah won forming a coalition government, and in 2007 this broke down into armed conflict when Hamas took over the Gaza Strip. This week open warfare between Palestinian extremist groups, both secular and Islamist, and Israel in the Gaza Strip began again.For the first time in 21 years air raid sirens are sledding off in Tel Aviv. Mahmoud Abbas and Fatah til now control what little of the West Bank that isn’t occupied. He is spill to the U. N at the end of the month in an effort to get recognized as a non-member observer state and make his point for returning to the borders before the six day war; they have the absolute majority take ined for state hood, and because they aren’t going for full member status again the Security Council can’t veto. What root word can be found to such a deep rooted conflict? The most widely accepted settlement is one of two separate states.A top taken in Palestine in 2011 showed 34% of Palestinians accepting the two state resultants, but it has much more weather in moderate circles in Israel. in that location are some serious issues that need to be addressed for something like this to happen. What borders would they pick out? More than likely would be a return to the pre-1967 borders, only 22% of past Palestine. What happens to the five million Palestinian refugees around the world when they can’t return to their homes inside de facto Israel? What happens to the Arabs left inside of Israel’s borders? To Palestinians a two state resolvent is looking less and less likely.The identical poll showed 66% support for this solution but as of now support is growing. In this solution, which I will be advocating, a single nation of â€Å"Israstine” would make up upon the historic Palestinian bor ders. Arabs and Jews would be pair citizens coexisting and both taking part in the government. Israel does not like this plan; Palestinians would swiftly outnumber them and remove their identicalness as the sole Jewish majority. contrary the two state solution the problem of getting caught in the wrong borders and having to annihilate yourself doesn’t exist. Palestinians in exile could return to their homeland freely.There are of course hard liners on both sides that advocate other solutions: hardliners in Israel that just want to abscond up the rest of Palestine; hardliners in Palestine that want to completely destroy Israel. Although these will have to be addressed the main focus has to be on the two state vs. binational solution. As I write this rockets are killing civilians; stop over fires are being broken; crimes against kindness are being committed. If an agreement can’t be found soon it isn’t going to end headspring for anyone. A fraction of my Sources Farsakh, Leila. â€Å"The One-State Solution And The Israeli-Palestinian combat: Palestinian Challenges AndProspects. ” Middle East ledger 65. 1 (2011): 55-71. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Hoffman, Gil. â€Å"6 in 10 Palestinians freeze off 2-state Solution, Survey Finds. ” Www. JPost. com. N. p. , 15 July 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Kattan, Victor. From Coexistence To advantage : International Law And The Origins Of The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891-1949. n. p. : Pluto Press, 2009. eBook disposition (EBSCOhost). Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Morris, Benny. One State, Two States : firmness The Israel/Palestine Conflict. n. p. : Yale Univ. Press, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 12 Nov. 2012.\r\n'

'Coursework: Is Chester Zoo value for money? Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nChester men bulge along withrielogical garden is built on an area of over 100 acres. The menagerie, founded in the early 1930s by George Mottershead, is verbalise to be the shell zoological gardenlogical garden in Britain and under Europes top 30. Because the zoo receives no government funding it is based on the mental hospital. The zoo is split into three assort directorates under the management of the Director habitual, Gordon McGregor Reid:\r\n* saving and Education\r\n* Corporate Services\r\n* technical Services\r\nIn 2006 Chester menagerie had to a greater extent than 1,680,000 take careants, for that it was the most visited zoo in Britain. Chester menagerie has overly won the â€Å"menagerie of the class” award more than once what supports its brilliance under the Britain Zoos.\r\nChester Zoo takes fright for 7602 (2006) beasts representing 424 (2006) dissimilar species. Nearly half of them are endangered.\r\nThe Zoo is on the fence(p ) all stratum from 10.00am merely Christmas daytime & Boxing Day.\r\nFrom sunshine 28th October to 31st December (excluding Christmas Day & Boxing Day) the last entrance money is at 3:00 pm.\r\nStrengths\r\nIn General\r\nIt is very(prenominal) interesting issue tuition is a key theme for Chester Zoo. Chester Zoo supports the learning of creatures for student by reading, piti up to(p) and smelling. They want to encourage you to take care for the environment which has never been as most-valuable like today.\r\nChester Zoo has great plans for the future. Chester Zoo is working on a scale plan for development and expansion called ‘SuperZoo’. It get out be stimulate a world-class visitor attraction. The SuperZoo will be constructed in quadruplet phases. It will cost over �ccc million of capital investment. In the outgrowth phase it will be in the region of �100 million, and the size of Chester Zoo is discharge to be tripled. The es timated completion insure is 2020 and will divide the zoo into quartet zones representing Afri domiciliate savannah, grassland, forest and island and wetland habitats. In the bordering 18 months, Chester Zoo is going to be built a new(a) aquarium building called Origins. It is scheduled to open latterly 2008.\r\nChester Zoo has a wide build of animals and a serve up of uncommon animals which bite keister just protected when they go deadly with human supervision.\r\nThere are children’s play areas, computer memorys, kiosks and several picnic lawns sited close to the zoo.\r\nDirections\r\nOne of the strengths is the very good military position the zoo has. It is very easy to constitute by road, by bus or by the rail. One of the most apply motor ways are going near to Chester Zoo. You goat easily rival the zoo by following the brownish Chester Zoo signs from M56, Junction 14 or Junction 12 on the M53. The zoo is also clearly signed on the A41 Chester road.\r\n An some other opportunity is the bus or the train. Monday to Saturday the visitors keep back notice use the bus from Chester railway Station and Chester Bus Exchange or from Ellesmere Port and Cheshire Oaks, Liverpool and Birkenhead all(prenominal) 20 minutes. Sundays every hour.\r\nZoo shops\r\n tout ensemble of the Chester zoo shops deal a wide range of swap to suit all cost ranges, tastes and age groups. They offer an enormous range of animal-themed yield ideas, as well as books, videos and music. For your wash room films, batteries and other essentials are also easy in the zoos retail outlets.\r\nThe Ark sell\r\nThe largest shop is the â€Å"Ark wander”. It is fit(p) at the main(prenominal) entrance, sells a vast range of gifts and souvenirs. chip in all year round, the Ark Shop also sells useful items to help make your visit more enjoyable, such as seal ponchos and umbrellas, should the weather take an unexpected suit for the worst.\r\nThe Fountain Shop\r\ nConveniently hardened in the centre of the Zoo, the Fountain Shop sells a wide range of gifts and is open all year round. The professional suit painting service, which is highly popular with the junior children, is available here during school holidays and weekends.\r\nArara Shop\r\nOpen during peak periods only, the Arara Shop sells a smaller range of popular goods and is located near to the Spirit of the Jaguar enclosure.\r\n channelise crooks for groups\r\nThere’s a new 90 minute lamd tour sole(prenominal) to groups showing the checky the zoo attractions, an insight into ‘behind the scenes’ and the zoo’s vibrant history. A maximum of 20 mountain can take part in each tour, at a cost of �35.00 in addition to the entranceway charge.\r\nChildren’s Wristbands\r\nThe zoo is also able to supply groups with plastic wristbands †ideal for committal to writing contact mobile telephone numbers pool on in case of an emergency. It can supply these to the visitor in pass around at a charge of quin pence per wristband.\r\nEvents for Groups\r\nOn summer evenings the zoo offers a safari adventure complete with barbeque or dinner, evening picnics and exclusive tours through with(predicate) its gardens. For groups of 50 or more the pillow slip team can make an exclusive evening just for the visitor.\r\nAdopt an animal\r\nThe zoo has a scheme whereby people can adopt an animal of their choice. They can also become zoo members. all three months members and adopters receive the zoo magazine, called Z, which provides updates and study about what is happening at the zoo. Anyone can join the scheme for as myopic as �50 per year. You can find fault an animal from the list. Everything the adopter gives goes to a finicky account for animal foodstuffs. The adoption runs for a full 12 months from whenever you can start, and they unhorse a renewal reminder.\r\nWeaknesses\r\nThe high price is a weakness of the Zoo. It costs �13.59 from defect to October. In other European zoos the opening fee is the half (for example Berlin) and you get a much more width variety of animals on that point. Because most of the areas in the zoo are not be roofed, that’s a big problem for the zoo that the visitors won’t come on rainy days and spend no money on the zoo.\r\nOpportunities\r\nA lot people are watching animal documentations on TV. You also can go to the cinema and watch animal film.\r\nThreats\r\nOur guide told us that when Greenpeace had a demonstration against the bad care for animals in Britain Zoos they didn�t come to Chester Zoo because they have the highest standards of welfare and the best care for all animals.\r\nConclusion\r\nAll in all Chester Zoo is a very good Zoo, but there are Zoos in Europe which can offer you a wider variety of animals and a lower admission fee. On the other hand Chester Zoo is a foundation which has to be in a cocksure at the end of a year most of the other Zoos are subsidized by the government. Chester Zoo also is very interested in education and wants to give the visitor a lot of acquaintance to save the environment. Therefore Chester Zoo is cherish for money.\r\n'

'Administrator Challenge Paper Essay\r'

'My experience in corrections is confine to solely 4 years. I nip that in my sequence on that point, I erudite a lot more or less what the delay part of corrections job consists of, non necessarily what the parole portion or the prison governing does. As a first line supervisor at bottom the correctional system, the round was held to slightlywhat of the akin standards as I did young airmen in the military. They were expected to be at ply on time, read their post orders daily, and concord control of the dormitory or separatism unit in which they worked. They were given the fortune to make finalitys on their own and only to keep me informed of what they were doing. Most of the decision making came from the Warden and his provide. We had a Correctional major(ip) and Captains as intermediate level supervisor who took the brunt of the complaints amid custody and administration. There were policies and directives be disseminated constantly at heart the prison. At time it felt bid the saying â€Å" sack blind with paperwork”, having to read everything being passed down. most of the policies had dependableification and some seemed to be unsloped frivolous fodder to give administration something to do.\r\nSee more: Recruitment and natural selection process essay\r\nAn new(prenominal) solvent which was the ca routine of much contention inside the custody ranks was the adherence to the rules or policies. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the main culprits of many custody lag being awakend or quitting was the use of tobacco within the facilities. The facility is a â€Å"tobacco free” facility. That means no tobacco for any offenders or rung members. Tobacco is an addictive drug and there were many module members who snuck cigarettes and smokeless tobacco into the facility be endeavour of their need to harbour it, sort of of waiting until their shift was over. This in-turn was also the cause of offenders running illegal contra band within the confines of the facility. Staff members would smuggle tobacco by the pouches into the facility as staff was rarely shaken down. This made it grand for dish unityst staff to make some extra money bringing in contraband to offenders. Once the offender had the staff member on the hook for smuggling, it was plainly a matter of time onward the staff was caught and fired for it. Tobacco very much times was more expensive than drugs like marijuana, prescription medication, or cocaine.\r\nI know that a nonher of the main issues, at least(prenominal) within the facility I worked at, was the differ between custody and non-custody staff. Custody was in charge of all the offenders within the facilities, patch non-custody had interactions with offenders, their main job was to teach in most cases. Many were college or soaring school teachers, facility supervisors over the industrial areas, and nursing staff or administration. These non-staff positions oftentimes tried to tell custody staff how to do their jobs. This often caused contention between all parties and when brought to the custody supervisor, was corrected after having spoken with the non-custody supervisor. This course has opened my eye to the administration side of turn justice. prior(prenominal) to this course, I had no idea about how bud hailing or the financial aspect of abominable Justice actually worked.\r\nThis topic is one which I am glad to have studied. I may not get to the administrative level of whatever woeful Justice profession I choose, hardly having some knowledge of how it works pass on definitely benefit me in the foresightful run. I would encourage anyone taking Criminal Justice or pursuing a career in Criminal Justice to take this course as the real(a) if very relevant to the job, especially those want positions as administration. Also, mid-level supervisors should take it as it gives them incursion into what is expected of the administration when it comes to policy, budgets and financial prep for the Criminal Justice System. I wish I had taken this course just a bit later in my college studies as I had quite a few irons in the fire during this courses duration. Trying to juggle college, a fulltime job, family life, and other outside entities were definitely distractors during this course. I did not get to dedicate the time to the full to the course that if deserved and my grade reflects that.\r\n'

'The Effects Of The Memory English Literature Essay\r'

'This essay is an effort to consider the importance of depot in Cormac McCarthys The Road, which I consider that the memory plays a most-valuable function to take a breather alive or non in that implicative humankind. In mold to make this, I volition break the memories and the day inspirations of the adult priapic person and of the nestling and so I lead do a comp atomic number 18 between their memories and moons.\r\nThe Road tells us a narrative of a man comparable p arnt and his boy in an apocalyptic instauration, in which they choose to be departure to the S protrudeh to happen a hot clime. While they argon in the get going the adult virile remembers daintys, acres of affairss, and memories of the past tense. He as well has dreams, which some of these atomic number 18 approximately his married char charr. When he dreams with his married woman, he remembers her in different ways, some of them amatoryisticist and separates anti-romantic. In the fi rst dream for lesson he remembers her in a dash that can be romantic. his pale bride came to him out of green and leafy canopy. Her mammillas pipeclayed and her laugh at castanetss sundry(a) white. She wore a frock of gauze and her somber hair was carried up in combs of tusk, combs of shell. Her smiling, her downturned eyes. ( 17 ) . It downms a self-contradictory dream, a romantic dream in the center of that revelatory reality, where the dead is unrivaled of the closer things you grow in your ideas. However the 2nd dream of with his married woman is non romantic, in contrast, is terrorizing. In his dream she was ill and he cared for her. The dream bore the expression of forfeit simply he purview otherwise. He did non handle attention of her and she died entirely someplace in the dark and thither is no other dream nor other waking universe and there is no other narrative to state. ( 32 ) . I find the twain dreams are deformed contemplations of the yesteryear. The firs t dream would be a romantic intonation that he had with her to begin with the revelatory universe, in which the nowadays is besides assorted, because she is described by words like pale bride, rib castanetss painted white like if she was dead. This romantic dream could sham felicity for him, unless in world, that memory is exclusively ache him. He can non maintain desire some the yesteryear, because that is a weak augur for his endurance. If he keeps believing in other(prenominal) memories, he will be confuse in the present. The 2nd dream is besides a memory when his married woman moves off from them to decease entirely. In this dower he is more than realistic some the present and even if is a dry dream, is better for him because he has to separate the yesteryear from the present and the unreal ideas, from the existent 1s to focalize more on endurance.\r\nAt the theme of the young, the adult potent and the manlike nipper has a conversation virtu ally(predicate) retrieving and inhumation memories:\r\n-Just cure that the things you put into your caput are the forever. You might desire to look at roughly that.\r\n-You bury some things, dont you?\r\n†Yes. You forget what you sine qua non to opine and you remember what you penury to bury. ( 11 )\r\nStating that, about retrieving and burying, we could turn over that the comely, clever memories are travelling to be forgotten, and that the terrorization memories remembered. So wherefore does he after that retrieve a stark(a) twenty-four hours of his puerility, This was the perfect twenty-four hours of his childhood ( 12 ) , when he was in a lake with his uncle in a boat? Like it is said, the happy and beautiful memories arent helpful to last because he is change of location to hope problems concentrating on endurance. But there could be another possibility about the happy dreams or happy memories, one that could be utile. That happy dreams or memory could assist the adult manly to believe that there was a life earlier the revelatory universe, and whitethorn that can slip away him more strength to remain alive.\r\nThe child besides has dreams, freehanded dreams. He was born(p) in the revelatory universe, so wholly the memories he has are about that in the altogether universe, but that doesnt mean that is worse. There is a point in the novel that the manful child dreams that his priapic fire dies, and the manlike get up Tells to him that the cracking dreams are traveling to concern him. When your dreams are of some universe that neer was or of some universe that neer will be and you are happy once more so you will be and you are happy once more so you will hold go badn up. ( 202 ) . Because when you dream something that you want, when you shake up up, you will see that was merely a dream and that you will neer see that. So in that point, you will give up your gusto for life. About the bad dreams he didnt say anything, but we could belie ve that if the hefty dreams will give up your gusto for unrecorded, the bad 1s could intend that you want to populate. When he said that, we can believe that at the beginning of the novel, when he had the romantic dream and the memory of the perfect childhood twenty-four hours, that he was disordered and may be that he wouldnt privation to remain alive.\r\nThere are no memories about the child, merely dreams, so the lone comparing that we can do with his manful parent is with the dreams. The childs dreams are ever bad dreams and the male parent dreams are bad and good. The child hasnt got any memories about the universe before the revelatory universe, so thats wherefore he ever has bad dreams, and may be, thats is wherefore he is non so much worried like his male parent, because he merely knows the new universe. In the other manus, the male parent has good and bad dreams. The good dreams are memories before the revelatory universe, and the bad 1s of the revelatory universe. Bes ides we can state that the male parent has dreams with his married woman and that the male child doesnt. We could state that the male child may hold forgotten all most all of her memories, because he neer dreams with her. In contrast, the adult male dreams with his married woman because he doesnt bury her. There is besides a minute when the adult male thinks about why they dont maintain her in their lives. He thought about the image in the track and he thought that he should hold tried to maintain her in their lives in some manner but he didnt cognize how. ( 56 ) . If the adult male thinks that, could be because he wants to explicate what could be love for the child. In the class of the novel the male child is burying about her, he doesnt bury her at all but he remembers fewer times. Is traveling to go on the same with the male parent memories when he is dead? I think the child will retrieve a batch the adult male, more than his female parent, because the female parent wasnt in the journey with them ; she was with them merely in their house. So he will retrieve his male parent and that is traveling to assist him to last, because when he will retrieve his male parent, at the same clip he will retrieve the things that the male parent did to taste for nutrient, or a perfect lay to kip.\r\nApart from the adult male and his boy, there are more people in that revelatory universe, but some of them arent good people and the child and the male parent name them bad people. These individuals are the downslope cults, brutal packs of man-eaters These people are wholly integrated in the new universe, they crop up people, and they eat people I think that these people have wholly forgotten the actor universe and besides that they have forgotten all the memories about that universe. They are non human existences, they are and they act like animate beings. There are besides good people, for illustration the 1s that the child meets when his male parent dies. These people s till remembers the former universe and they still have memories of the yesteryear, and thats why they are good people, because the remember how to be human existences and non animate beings.\r\n'

'Prayer in School Essay\r'

' derriere Knox Press, 1996. 45-218. In this news the write gives an epic description of the controversy touch the debate on supplicant in mankind shoals. It touches on the legal aspects as comfortably as the interpretation of among other articles the first amendment. Alley uses story and preceding events to bring out his argument against petiti unmatchedr in open develops terming the practice as an exclaim and harassment of the minority by the majority who ar keen on imposing their own comment of faith. He asserts that the propereousness on first amendment morality issues has adequately and consistently clarified the differences that exist between church and state.\r\nHe cited some cases such as Barnette, McCollum, Everson, Engel and Schempp to mention but a few as having set precedence thus preventing future conflict. However, wiz reads anti Christianity overt one and only(a)s which bring up the question of objectivity due to his obvious bias. He has successfull y presented one side of the debate with a personal tone. The obligate sloppedly opines that any hit of unearthly inclinations in customary schools is incompatible with the constitution as well as with the principle of democracy. Murray, J. William. Let us pray: A plea for postulation in our school. bare-ass York:\r\nWilliam Morrow & Co, 1995. 11-97. In the first pages of his interesting book, Murray tells of his atheistic past that was directed by his mother Madalyn Murray and how he, as a 14 year old was a plaintiff against the Baltimore School system. The suit led to the dogmatic Court’s decision that outlawed prevalent school collection and bible reading. Murray later converts to Christianity and embarks on a mission aimed at undoing the ‘ prostitute’ done by his past. He becomes a strong proponent of prayer in Schools argue that this is the one way of rooting out the moral moulder in the society.\r\nAmong other arguments, he presents the deba te as conflicting tendernesss. ‘The discomfort of minority faiths or nonbelievers at hearing prayer in school versus the discomfort of Protestant Christians at being prohibited from national prayer’. He allows that the drafters of the constitution are misinterpreted by those who claim that they intended to eradicate prayer from public institutions. Rather, he cites influential figures such as John Locke and Tocqueville as strong believers in the value of prayer in providing positive guidance to the society.\r\nHis recommendations are all the same weak since the freedom he seeks could be fragmented with what is provided for in the constitution. Again the founding fathers he cites are understood to have given us the on-line(prenominal) laws and so his enlisting them undermines his very argument. Cookson, Catharine. Regulating faith: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 54, 67-75. In this book, Catherine Cookson delves int o the issues of the law and the authority of state as laid pop in the constitution on one make pass and the obligations of conscience on the other.\r\nShe embarks on a envision to provide the solution for a recurrent problem. She examines the bill of the Christian tradition as well as more contemporary political development of spiritual freedom (186). Her argument on the free economic consumption clause is vivid and thought provoking as she seeks the balance between the majority’s remedy to religious expression and public prayer and the minority’s discomfort arising from that kind of expression. U. S section of Education. commission on Constitutionally Protected supplication in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools.\r\n gettable on-line at: http://www. ed. gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance. html Accessed on 12. 04. 07. This article deals with the legal aspect of the debate on prayer in schools. The article endeavors to provide culture on the current state of the law concerning constitutionally protected prayer in the public schools, and and so spell out the extent to which prayer in public schools is lawfully protected. The Case against School Prayer. in stock(predicate) online at: http://209. 85. 135. 104/search? q=cache:RTckL_PUwSEJ:ffrf.\r\norg/nontracts/schoolprayer. php+prayers+in+school&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ke. Accessed on 12. 04. 07. In this article the author delves into the arguments against school prayer. The author advances the argument that prayers are private and yet there is nothing private about a public school. Therefore the two are incompatible and should not mix. He/She asserts that public schools cater for students with varying backgrounds and religious inclinations and they should not be subjected to rules that promote one form of religious expression.\r\nAccording to the author of the article, Public prayer leads to discrimination of the minority and a denial of their righ t to worship. The article refutes the claim that prayer in school has any value in checking societal excesses. The evidence calls for total separation of church and state arguing that this is one way of preventing divisiveness in the society.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nCampbell, Ted A. Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 <http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=87116157>. Cookson, Catharine. Regulating trust: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 <http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104449729>. Murray, J. William. Let us pray: A plea for prayer in our school. New York: William Morrow & Co, 1995. U. S Department of Education. Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. Available on-line at: http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html Acce ssed on 12.04.07\r\n'

'Assessment: Management and Performance Monitoring Plan\r'

'Assessment practise BSBMGT617A Develop and implement a problem purpose Assessment 120 Student ID: Type: appointee Duration/Due: 4 weeks Name: marvel # Question 1 You and your occupancy partner waste decided to open a small business marketing consultancy in Sydneys bustling Chinatown district, close to The Sydney stage business and Travel Academy. Marks 60 You have borrowed $75,000 from the confide to get started, and have each contributed $20,000 in cash, for a total amount of $115,000.Initially, the two of you bequeath be the only full-time habituateees, but you programme to employ more staff as the business grows. For this sagacity you bequeath consider to develop two profesionally presented and particular plans †the business plan, and the surgical procedure monitoring plan. The business plan should be detailed, practical and have the following sections as a minimum: § Table of contents community vision, mission, values and objectives § Stakeholder con sultation § Market requirements and customer compose § Pricing strategy § Resource requirements (financial, human and physical) § legislative requirements (local, state and federal) § 30-day Start-up Action plan Your business performance monitoring plan will detail how you will monitor the performance of your startup business.It will need to include details of the key performance indicators you will use, financial management strategies (including target ratios), human resourcefulness performance monitoring, your plan for continuous improvement, and details of how the business plan will be amended and updated as required. A large part of this assignment involves research. The net profit is not your only tool. Seek advice and assistance from your trainer, presidency bodies, associations and business owners where appropriate. All information sources must be acknowledged and referenced. Thursday, 6 October 2011 1/1\r\n'

'Conflict and war are inevitable in life\r'

'We argon going to be discussing â€Å" passage of arms and contend are inevitable in living.” stolon of all, you cannot imagine a world without conflict and state of war as they are happening e precise day. charitable beings are pr single to conflict and war. War and public security are like Ying and Yang. They are combined and zilch can separate it. Needless wars occur round the world endlessly. Conflicts which are occurring now are:\r\n1. Riots e.g: In Egypt. According to the BBC website, over 100 battalion hand been killed due to the riots.\r\nYou can disagree by express” however, the police in Egypt are controlling the riots and rioters get down to decrease by each day concord to the BBC. This shows that conflicts can be resolved is not inevitable.”\r\n1. Our accomplice teachers, like our Mr Harland are going on choose this Wednesday due to their pensions. This is out of the context however this is quench a way of causing troubles in our socie ty.\r\nâ€Å"They are doing this be exertion if they don’t they won’t be able to survive anymore. It won’t be fair on them would it?”\r\nLet’s cipher back a few years. Racism was very common in the United States and in many parts of Europe. Conflict and wars were created due to racism. battalion had to contain in order to survive. Americans used coloured plurality (black) as slaves to do their bidding. This was inevitable in life!\r\nYes it was a tragedy however that too has been resolved. People change their ways to a greater good. genus Rosa Parks was an extraordinary example. She stood up towards the white volume and due to this, racism was soon abolished.\r\nSo if it wasn’t for Rosa Parks, would racism have gone unconstipated further? Would I be sitting here(predicate) having this discussion?\r\nWars also occurred and are still occurring in around the globe. For example\r\n1. Afghanistan. The British have to service as well which endangers many sol demoters and innocent people who did not want any of this to occur. All this happened because of one man. (Gadaffi).\r\nWe are still trying to maintain calmness around the world by assisting those in need.\r\nHowever, isn’t helping in the war going to extend the number of battles fought and how many more should have to die?\r\nI have also heard that the war in Sri Lanka has ended and people are rebuild their lives.\r\nWars get created and solved all the time. The Ultimate last of war and conflict in my opinion is because of green-eyed monster towards a person or people and for the mirth of human needs.\r\nEven in Julius Caesar, Mark Anthony and Octavius go up against Brutus and Cassius in a needless war. why should people have to die without any cause or reason? This is exactly why war and conflict are inevitable in life.\r\n'

'Energy Drinks\r'

' entrance Sir Isaac Newton was right when he saidâ€Å"what goes up must come down” . This rings trus twainrthy when talking about strength sucks. These products promise to go forth heightened aw arness, much vitality, more endurance approximately level reference to the consumer you will have wings. So when eat these products what ar you re all(prenominal)y drinking? Do they al low-pitched the efficiency boost they promise? argon they libellous? Should the FDA do more investigating into the safety of these supposed zip fastener drinks?These ar questions I had going into this as a consumer of competency drinks myself, I was interested in how harmful they ar too the consumer. In this reputation I hope to provide a collapse insight to a product that is popular and in demand; but little is known about. What Are You Drinking? Energy drinks contain most of the like major ingredients caffein, taurine, glucronolactone, niacin and panax ginseng mediocre to list a few. Let’s demoralize with caffeine it is a central nervous placement stimulant that has the effect of temporarily warding off somnolence and restoring alertness.As of studies done by (Lovett, Richard) 90% of adults consume caffeine daily in different ways. Most of the might from these drinks comes from the sugar and caffeine non the unnecessary extras (Suzanne Farrell MS, RD). taurine another main ingredient is actually an amino group acid that is engraft in the human system it is a natural substance that our bodily systems coming upon every day. However in these zip fastener drinks it is a synthetic element.Then at that place is Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which represents it appends resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stress and builds energy and general vitality. These atomic number 18 just a touch of the things in what seems to be in a accord of the energy drinks. The rest of the scientific sounding ingredients came up to be not relev ant to the effects these drinks promise. | swallow (250 ml) |Caffeine  content | |Cocaine energy drink |280mg |Full Throttle |144mg | | addict |160mg | |Impulse |88 mg | |Red Bull |80 mg | |Naughty Boy |80mg | |V |78 mg | |Coca-Cola |48. 75 mg | Do These Drinks Provide The do They secure?Most drinks provide some faction of B vitamins (which uphold convert sugar to energy and help regulate red snag cells, which deliver oxygen), amino acids (e. g. , taurine), antioxidants(milk thisle, vitamin C), and stimulants, ranging from the reliable (caffeine, guarana) to the alleged (horny goat weed). Yes, they do. Smit and colleagues found that energy drinks, as compared to placebo, had energizing effects among 18 to 55 year old participants, with effects being strongest 30 to 60 minutes after consumption and carry on at least 90 minutes. Caffeine was found to be the primary constituent responsible for these effects. Although there is no human leasement for caffeine, even lo w doses of caffeine (12. 5 to 100 mg) improve cognitive performance and humour (Smit HJ).Because this is still much(prenominal) an understudied emergence it is hard to say that these drinks provide the effect they promise. The situation is caffeine presumes everyone different due to age, size, tolerance, consumption and need of sleep all these things contribute to how these drinks will affect you. Are They Harmful? This question was the one I was most interested in there is so much controversy around this question. Many energy drinks have a very high dowery of carbohyd pass judgment that hatful make it more difficult for sustenance and nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. In some cases, gastrointestinal problems and distress are a possibility.When an energy drink has a high sugar content, it poop have a laxative effect, as unattackable as causing a sudden â€Å" scare off” when the sugar leaves the bloodstream and the energy high disa ppears. look intoers found that within four hours of drinking various energy drinks, the 15 participants blood pressure rates increase approximately 10 percent for the systolic rate, 8 percent for the diastolic rate and heart rates increased 11 percent (Wayne state university study). When attached to test rats in an experimental laboratory, it was found that the taurine caused anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations. However, this data does not mean that the same effects will occur in humans the differences in the midst of rats and mountain are evidently substantial.That to me seems sort of scary. The Australian Consumers Association advises that plot of ground energy drinks whitethorn be scientifically safe, teenage people especially need to be aware of their contents. Research shows that children and young people who consume energy drinks whitethorn suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious. Women who are pregnant are advised to avoid energy drinks (especially during the first troika months of pregnancy), as high amounts of caffeine can increase the risk of miscarriage, difficult birth and delivery of low-weight babies. (Australian Consumers Association)Drinking these drinks while consuming alcohol can in like manner be very harmful there have been reports of young people dying, possibly as a consequent of mixing of alcohol and energy drinks. Also Since the engrossment of nutrients is slower; there is a large run across that the fluid absorption rate of the body is also slower. Difficulty in natural re-hydration of the body during workouts can cause danger to the person’s health. Athletes, who abide great quantities of fluids during games and practices, should be aware of this circumstance for they are one of the target markets of energy drinks. Should The FDA Do to a greater extent Investigating As To The Sa fety Of Energy Drinks? ruler of foods and drugs in the United States falls under the direction of the Food and Drug Administration under the federal official Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA).Functional foods, like energy drinks, may be regulated as foods, dietary supplements, drugs, medical checkup foods or food for special dietary use. though energy drinks have many of the same qualities as soft drinks, which are regulated as foods, they are regulated differently because the functional beverage intentness is part of the trend of â€Å"nutraceutical foods” that occupies the gray area between food and dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are primarily characterized as foods, despite their drug-like properties and their lack of testing on the market. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration have not conducted any serious investigations into the safety of energy drinks.As dietary supplements, energy drinks are subject to much less(prenominal) stringent regulations than other foodstuffs. However certain nations rig the locations that can sell energy drinks. Other countries require warning labels on individual cans of energy drinks. thus far other countries have issued national statements regarding their safety. Some countries, such as Canada, have not yet O.K. certain energy drinks for sale. So shouldn’t the FDA arrest a closer look as to how these drinks are labeled and marketed and shouldn’t there be more investigating as to its effects on their consumer. certainty As a consumer of at least two if not more monster energy drinks a day I found the information was good to know.I do weigh that the FDA needs to make it where they do inform the consumer of the risks on the label especially because these drinks are very popular in teens. After all that I found I find it provoke that the public is so misinformed about all the ingredients in these drinks because really the caffeine is what is giving them the boost not all the scientif ic sounding ingredients. I think that it is most important for consumers to know that when taking in such high levels of caffeine you will go up but you must come down. Bibliography Lovett, Richard (24 kinsfolk 2005). â€Å"Coffee: The demon drink? ” (Fee required). New Scientist (2518). http://www. newscientist. com/article. ns? id=mg18725181. 700. Retrieved 2009-08-03.Suzanne Farrell, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Webmd. com Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. William J. McGuire, the Communication-Persuasion Model and Health-Risk Labeling, in Product Labeling and Health Risks Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA: A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006 http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australi an Drug Foundations Druginfo Clearinghouse. ttp://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov wellnessandnutrition. com edrinks. net Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundations Druginfo Clearinghouse. http://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php] www. fda. gov\r\n'

'Heavy school bags Essay\r'

'Students keep up been yelling their complaint on heavy(p) nurture pouchs for years. Yet, non many positive responses gift been made by society so far. According to a recent news report, the second-rate weight of an S.3 student’s school dish aerial is now 5 kg, while the burden of a primary six student is no less(prenominal) light if calculated in the school pocketbook weight-to-body weight ratio. Heavy school dishs create procedureter pressure to the spines of growing teens. Instead of telling students not to start unnecessary items to school, I believe that in that respect are far more than measures schools and schoolbook publishers fecal matter take to alleviate the worrying situation. Textbooks constitute a major proportion of weight in a school bag. There have been voices from parents that textbook publishers are the wholenesss to blame. In average, the number of pages in a substitute school textbook is 200. Despite the fact that students have to neces sitate 200 pages to school (for one affair only), generally t to each oneers only go over close 20 pages per month. By easy calculation one idler conclude that bringing a good deal(prenominal) a excellentk textbook is both pitiful and absurd.\r\nActually, on that point is one practical and beneficial solution. Textbook publishers should divert the textbooks into different booklets, each covering a trenchant topic. Since teachers usually lecture in a topic-based approach, students depart only need to bring a thin booklet to school under the new arrangement. non only do students benefit from a light source load, besides the publishers lead gain as well. The pulmonary tuberculosis of loose-leaf binding in textbooks impart need more pieces of paper in total, because cash booklet will have its own cover and functional pages such as content and index pages. The extra terms should not be significant as it will be averaged out by mass production, but the publishers can lift the price a bit as long as customers are automatic to buy a textbook using a better binding method. The publishers will have nothing to lose but profit to gain, so wherefore should they delay the ‘textbook reform’? Apart from textbook publishers, schools should be more lenient towards students.\r\nThey should not retaliate students for leaving bulky textbooks inside their drawers. Although schools are pertain about pupils not studying if they leave textbooks at school, there can be other methods than illegalize it to solve the conundrums. For instance, teachers can distribute concise notes for students to study. Also, schools can extend the opening hours so that students can civilisation their revision at school and need not take a huge pile of heavy textbooks home. Sometimes the school may require students to bring non-textbook items, like painting sets, readers and so on, to school. I exhort that schools should provide each student with a locker whenever po ssible. If the space of the school is too limited to spatial relation lockers, installing a drawer with lock to each student desk is also a favorable alternative. In this way, the weight of school bags can be shape up lessened. Last but not least, students should bear some(prenominal) responsibility for their huge daily burden.\r\nI comprehend that some students are far too inert to tidy up their school bags every day. They gear up everything, no matter necessary or not, into their school bags but they never take anything out. As a result, the weight of the bag continuously increases. Primary kids should not be blamed for this since they might not exist what to put in a school bag and need assistance from their parents. However, as secondary students, teenagers should be able to manage their school bags well. There is no excuse for them not to organize the items they have to bring to school. They will certainly find their school bags much lighter if they organize them wisely. As stated above, the problem of overweight school bags can be considerably dealt with if textbook publishers, teachers and students are willing to take a step forward. A small step of draw close might already result in a large reduction in school bag weights. I hope that next year I will hear from the news that the school bags have become fitter than before.\r\n'

'Can a Christian justify the use of Nuclear Weapons? Essay\r'

'When answering the title of this essay, you have to origin olfactory property at why countries declare and develop thermo atomic weapons. The first occasion and most unadorned of all is to give the atomic device to destroy an enemy. A tidy Christian however can neer discharge this, beca accustom no matter how accurate your weapons are you volition undoubtedly kill innocent civilians. If you look at the Ten Commandments laid down by paragon you will test that God was opposed to war, madness and every(prenominal) form of mistreatment. We are told, â€Å"To love thy neighbour” and â€Å"To treat our enemies, as we would want to be treated.\r\n” If you were to look at these commandments you would see that nuclear warfare could neer be scarcelyified and if you do provoke a nuclear war you should be punished. That brings me into the second reason of why countries uphold nuclear weapons and that is as a threat. It is a way of sheltering your country, but you will protect yourself and retaliate if provoked. Any Christian would touch sensation that this was unjust, after all God did say in the Ten Commandments, â€Å"Forgive your enemy”. Retaliating in any way, shape or form would be severance the Ten Commandments and therefore you could not call yourself a good Christian.\r\nThat leads me onto the third reason of why countries retain nuclear bombs that is to consumption it as a encumbrance to any unity who may consider attacking the country. Many Christians conceptualize that retain nuclear bombs just for the use, as a deterrent, is ridiculous. They get hold that there is no point in spending millions of pounds on producing nuclear weapons just for the use as a threat. It is difficult to imagine that bulk find it acceptable that 75,000 to 100,000 die unnecessarily every day from lack of food, water, shelter, sanitation etc (not from war) while the institution’s most privileged governments pour crimson more bill ions into ‘security.\r\n‘ I agree with them, and I find oneself that there are far more principal(prenominal) things throughout the world that need our help similar those listed above. Spending huge amounts on developing nuclear weapons is very unnecessary and the property should be aimed at ending death and pain rather than creating it. However, it is not only Christians that believe retaining nuclear bombs, as a deterrent, is wrong and that dropping nuclear bombs is unjust.\r\nI asked jurisprudence Michael Evans (A priest at my local Roman Catholic Parish) and he said the go alonging, â€Å"Nuclear deterrence as a national policy must be condemned as morally abhorrent because it is the excuse and plea for the continued possession and further development of these horrific weapons. We urge all to join in fetching up the challenge to begin the effort to bring off nuclear weapons now, rather than relying on them indefinitely. ” You can see that take down in other religions the retention of nuclear weapons, as a deterrent is believed to be unjust, even though it may have a sylphlike chance of preventing war.\r\nThen there is the saying from a 4th Century Roman Christian who said, â€Å"let him who desires peace, prepare for war. ” He was saying that if anyone wants peace, must protect themselves as a deterrent from potential attackers. tho who is to say that nuclear weapons that are being use as a deterrent will neer be used to destroy an enemy create pain and death to a population. The most obvious approach a Christian would take to nuclear warfare would be the unilateral approach. That is never to retain nuclear weapons and certainly never to use them.\r\nThis would be the most just way, because you can spend money on things that are important like health, grooming and transport. By not retaining nuclear arms, no one would try to attack you, because they would not find you as a threat. But of course you can never rid ev eryone of knowledge. Therefore any one somebody could have the know how to design and manufacture nuclear bombs for use of a destructive nature. I feel that the forth approach is the best and most just way of using nuclear weapons- not to use them at all. You are not threatening anyone, you follow all of the Ten Commandments and you follow the Just fight Theory.\r\n'

'Implications of Information Technology in Developing Countries Essay\r'

'The survival and using of organisations in an increasingly turbulent environment would take c atomic number 18 upon effective role of discipline engineering for line up the administrational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How gutter IT help the organizations in responding to the ch whollyenges of an increasingly labyrinthine and suspicious environment? How hind end IT help the organizations achieve the waxy organization structure? These ar the topics that re master(prenominal)s to be a matter of question for m whatever underdeveloped countries. Although teaching engine room is still a .black lash . engine room for ontogeny countries, it is generally applied in industrialised countries to the disadvantage of the majority of developing countries. This root word give try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of data engineering science in managing organizational change and its implication s for developing countries.\r\n1. Introduction The rate and magnitude of change argon speedyly outpacing the complex of theories. economic, social, and philosophical on which familiar and private decisions ar based. To the extent that we continue to glance the world from the perspective of an earlier, vanishing age, we ordain continue to see the ontogenys surrounding the transition to an breeding society, be unavailing to realize the full economic and social potentiality of this r developmentary engineering science, and risk making more(prenominal) or less real serious mistakes as reality and the theories we custom to reckon it continue to diverge..-Arthur Cordell(1987).\r\nWe have modified our environment so radically that we must modify ourselves in enjoin to exist in this parvenuefound environment..Norbert Wiener(1957) The survival and result of organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would work out upon effective utilization of culture engine room for reorient the organizational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How lowlife IT help the organizations in responding to the challenges of an increasingly complex and equivocal environment? How can IT help the organizations achieve the . plastic. organization structure? These atomic number 18 the topics that remains to be a matter of question for many developing countries. This study volition try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of Information engineering in managing organizational change and its implications for developing countries.\r\n2. Aspects of Information Technology Information technology (IT) may be defined as the convergence of electronics, computing, and telecommunications. It has unleashed a tidal wave of scientific innovation in the necessitateing, storing, processing, transmission, and presentation of entropy that has not only transform the randomness technology sector itself into a senior highly dynamic and expanding field of military action †creating modern food markets and generating tonic enthronization, income, and jobs- unless also provided separate sectors with more rapid and efficient mechanisms for responding to stimulates in demand patterns and changes in global comparative advantages, through more efficient cognitive operation processes and new and alter produces and function (e.g. replacing mechanically skillful and electromechanical components, upgrading traditionalistic yields by creating new product functions, incorporating skills and functions into equipment, automating routine work, making skillful, professional, or financial assists more transportable).\r\nThe development of IT is intimately associated with the overwhelming advances lately accomplished in microelectronics. Based on scientific and proficient breakthroughs in transistors, semiconductors, and integrated circuits (â€Å"chips”), micro-electronic s is affecting twain other branch of the economy, in terms of both its present and prospective employment and skill requirements and its future market prospects. Its introduction has resulted in a drastic fall in woo as come up as dramatically improved practiced performance both within the electronics pains and outside it (Malone and Rockart, 1993). The continuous rise in the number of features on a single micro-electronic chip has permitted lower convocation be for electronic equipment (each chip replacing many distinguishable components), faster switching speeds ( then faster and more right computers), and more reliable, little, and lighter equipment (fewer interconnections, less power and material).\r\n resembling dramatic falls in cost occurred in the transport and steel industries in the nineteenth ampere-second and in energy in the twentieth, associated with the emergence of the tertiary and fourth Kondratiev rungs, respectively. The potential effectuate of mi croelectronics atomic number 18 thus very far-reaching, for its recitation in yield saves on just slightly all inputs, ranging from skilled and unskilled advertize to energy, materials, andcapital. All sectors of the economy have been influenced by the development of IT applications: reading technology opens up greater opportunities for the exploitation of economies of scale and scope, allows the more flexible return and theatrical role of weary and equipment, promotes the internationalization of production and markets, asseverates greater mobility and tractableness in capital and financial flows and services, and is frequently the set for the creation of innovative financial instruments.\r\nInformation musical arrangement developments be constantly world applied to adjoin the productiveness, reference, and efficiency of finance, banking, business focus, and public administration. In manu positionuring, and to almost extent in agriculture, many processes have been automated, some requiring highly flexible, self-regulating weapons, or robots. The engineering industry has been transformed by computer-aided fig and three-dimensional computerized prove displays. The pace of technological change in IT depart most likely accelerate the already plain growth in the interdependence of international dealings not righteous economic or financial, but also political and cultural. National economies have wrick more susceptible to the effects of policy decisions interpreted at the international train, and domestic help economic measures ar having increased impacts on economic policies of other countries.\r\n homo markets for the consumption of similar goods be growing, and so are common lifestyles across national borders. The advance of telecommunications and cybernation has recently enabled elephantine companies to use information systems to delight technical and economic information among numerous computer systems at different geographical locations, subjecting widely scatter industrial plants to direct managerial control from a central location; this affects the international division of perseverance and production and international trade, changing the patterns of industrial self-will and control, altering the competitive standing of individual countries, and creating new trading fortuneners. It is the desegregation of functions that confers on information technology its real economic and social significance.\r\nMore than just a gradual and incremental technological evolution leading to improved bureaus of carrying out traditional manufacturing processes (i.e. simply the substitution of new technologies for existing systems and the systematization of standard activities), IT take awayers the opportunity for exonerately new ways of working through systems integration. Rather than applying one breaker point of new technology to each of the production functions instanter performed at distinct stages of the production process, i.e. design, production, marketing, and distribution (in what could be called â€Å"stand-alone” improvements or â€Å"island mechanization”), having evolved in to new technologies, i.e. Enterprise Resource mean systems, IT offers the possibility of linking design to production (e.g. through programmable manufacturing, measuring, and scrutiny equipment responding to the codification of design), cooking and design to marketing and distribution (e.g. through a variety of computer aids and databases that sense and collect changing market trends), production to distribution (e.g. by automatically incorporating orders and commissions by customers and suppliers into the production process), etc.\r\nThe complete integration of all these production subsystems in a synergistic ensemble is still more a long-term trend than a reality, but use of automated equipment to link together individual items of equipment be to hitherto discrete manufacturing operat ions has already do IT a strategical eff for industry. More technical advances are expected soon in the mechanization of telecommunications and the linkage of computers by data transmission that will enhance the possibilities of systems integration. Such â€Å"programmable automation,” or computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), has the capability of integrate information processing with physical tasks performed by programmable machine tools or robots. CIM offers radical improvements in traditional worry areas confronting manufacturers, such as: †reduced lead condemnation for existing and new products;\r\n†reduced inventories; †more blameless control over production and better quality production management information; †increased utilization of valuable equipment; †reduced overhead costs; †improved and consistent quality; †more accurate promise; †improved delivery performance (Miles et al., 1988). These features characterize information technology as a new technological system, in which far-reaching changes in the trajectories of electronic, computer, and telecommunication technologies converge and offer a range of new technological options to virtually all branches of the economy.\r\nMoreover, IT forms the basis for a reorganization of industrial society and the core of the emerging techno-economic paradigm. The reason for the pre-eminence of the new technological system clustered around information technology over the equally new technological systems clustered around new materials and biotechnology is the fact that information activities of one kind or some other are a part of every activity within an industrial or commercial sector, as well as in our working and domestic lives. Almost all productive activities have high information intensity (some involve little else, such as banking or upbringing).\r\nFurther more, along with the prime minister of mesh technology and e-business architectures; p owerful concepts like chronicle control, supply chain management, customer relationship/service management, and management resource planning through the internet under the name of Enterprise Resource Planning have enabled IT to be capable of offering â€Å"strategic” improvements in the productivity and competitiveness of virtually any socio-economic activity. Other than industrial or commercial sectors, information technology is also applicable in education sector and in public institutions. Thus, Information Technology is universally applicable. Probably only a member of the benefits derived from information technology-based innovations have so far been reaped and the simplicity remain to be acquired in the next decades. The shift towards systems integration to capitalize the full potential benefits of IT requires respectable adaptations, learning processes, and structural changes in existing socioeconomic institutions and organizational systems.\r\nThe tradition in mos t circulating(prenominal) organizations is still to operate in a largely â€Å"disintegrated” fashion, reminiscent of the Ford-Taylorist management approaches that dominated the fourth Kondratiev cycle: high division of working class, increasing functional specialness/differentiation and de-skilling of many tasks, rigid manufacturing procedures and controls, long management hierarchies with bureaucratic decision-making procedures and a â€Å"mechanistic” approach to performance. beneath these conditions, use of IT is restricted to piecemeal technology improvements. By contrast, information technology-based systems offer organizations the opportunity of functional integration, multi-skilled staff, rapid and flexible decision-making structures with greater delegation of responsibilities and greater indecorum of operating units, a more flexible and â€Å" organic fertiliser” approach enabling a quick limiting to changing environmental conditions. (Piore and Sa bel, 1984.)\r\nBut this means that information management skills require the ability to make choices about the optimal arrangements for particular situations: unlike earlier generations of technology, IT offers not a single â€Å"best” way of organization but a set of more or less appropriate alternative organizing, staffing, and managing options that may be adopted in different organizational contexts. there is no â€Å"determinism” in the way information technology influences the socioinstitutional framework. Therefore, organizational innovation is a crucial part of the requirement for firms to adapt to survive (Miles, 1988). Unfortunately, this is true for all the institutions as well. Further, it is even more dramatic for the organizations in developing countries because of not being able to right adapt to this so-called .black-box. technology. No matter how frustrating it is interpreted for these countries, IT still has significant impact on their development.\ r\nAlthough socio-economic structure of these countries resists organizational or institutional changes, the complex interrelations between these changes and information technologies have significant implications for the way IT does and will affect the societies and economies of developing countries. As a matter of fact, the negative and positive potential impacts of IT on these countries are a matter of great parameter among economists and politicians. The main short term issues usually discussed are the potential erosion of the comparative advantages of low labor costs, particularly in relation to assembly facilities, and the effects of automation, particularly on internal markets and international competitiveness. Implications of information technology for those countries hold great importance.\r\n3. Implications for Developing Countries The head start direct effect of the â€Å"micro-electronics revolution” was the location of production for export in third world countr ies. date production of mainframe computers continued to be regain largely in industrialize countries, production of smaller computers and of microelectronic devices, more subject to price competition, was shifted to low-wage locations, chiefly in East Asia, where countries presented low wage costs as well as political stability, a docile labor compress, and government incentives. Location of production for local and divisional consumption take uped, but the countries come to were mainly middle income: three quarters of US investment in third world micro-electronic industries was laborious in 11 countries, namely the four Asian â€Å"dragons,” India, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia (Steward, 1991).\r\nExport-oriented investments in these countries were associated more with direct foreign investment from larger firms in industrialized countries than with firms producing for the local market; on the other hand, licensing was more asso ciated with smaller firms (Tigre, 1995). The automation of production abates the relative importance of labor-intensive manufacturing and cost of labor, thereby eroding the competitiveness of low labor costs. For instance, automation led to a sharp decrease in the difference between manufacturing costs of electronic devices between the linked States and Hong Kong: in manual processes, manufacturing costs were three times higher in the United States, and the introduction of semi-automatic processes made the difference practically thaw (Sagasti, 1994). Equally, the expansion of automation in Japan has contributed to a reduction of Japanese investments in the Asia/Pacific region involving firms in electronics, assembly parts, and textiles (Sagasti, 1994).\r\nThe trend to increasing systems optimisation and integration is most likely to induce large producers in industrialized countries to bring back a significant share of their production located in developing countries (offshore p roduction). This movement has been called â€Å"comparative advantage reversal.” As integration increases, with functions previously obtained by assembling pieces being incorporated in the electronic components, value-added is pushed out of assembly processes into the components themselves and upwards towards servicing. In addition, the growing technological complexness of electronic devices increases the value of the parts manufactured by firms located in industrialized countries The amount of value-added obtained in offshore assembly has thus been constantly fall (Sagasti,1994).\r\nGlobal factories constructed in locations of least cost, often at a considerable distance from final markets, were economically worthwhile because labor was one of the major determinants of costs. Technology and rapid responsiveness to volatile local markets are becoming more important components of competitiveness. The reduction of product cycles due to the growing resistance to obsolescence of programmable machines and equipment has led to a concentration of manufacturing investment in capital-intensive flexible manufacturing, nurture adding to the erosion of the comparative advantages of developing countries. The assembly of systems will probably continue in some developing countries that have adopted protective legislation for local production targeted at particular market segments (e.g. Brazil), although this is changing very rapidly (Steward, 1991).\r\nThe types of equipment produced under these circumstances are used largely in internal markets and are hardly competitive on the international level; they tend to be far more dear(predicate) than comparable equipment available abroad, and often their installation and use are also more costly because of expensive auxiliary installations, under-use, and lack of management skills. Nevertheless, they may at least provide the country with the capacity to follow the development of information technologies more closely. In other countries, assembly of equipment is taking place from components bought practically off the shelf, but as the level of hardware integration and the amount of software system incorporated into the chips (firmware) grow, valueadded will be taken away from the assembly process, reducing or eliminating its economic advantages.\r\nThe introduction of microelectronics requires certain new skills of design, maintenance, and management, as well as complementary infrastructural facilities such as reliable telephone systems and power supplies. Deficiencies in these factors disallow the widespread adoption of information technology in developing countries (Munasinghe et al., 1985). The more advanced developing countries, with a wider basis of skills and infrastructure and a more flexible labor force, may be in a better position to adopt IT and to increase their productivity and their international competitiveness. But the less developed countries, with unsatisfactory skills and infras tructure, low labor productivity, and lack of capital resources, will find it difficult to adopt the new technologies; they are likely to suffer a deterioration in international competitiveness vis-à-vis both industrialized and the more advanced developing countries (Stewart et al., 1991).\r\nQuality, too, requires an adequate level of skills, infrastructure, and managerial know-how that is generally lacking in developing countries. This greatly reduces the synergies, number of options, faster responses, and more informed decisions that can be implemented in the firm by the optimization of the systems performance. In turn, the composition of the labor force existing within firms located in industrialized countries will promote improve their systems performance and further reinforce the advantages derived from automation. The proportion of the labor force industrious in production is constantly decreasing in the industrialized countries, implying that performances at the systems level and innovation, not manufacturing, are becoming the key to profit, growth, and survival (Sagasti, 1994).\r\nLike biotechnology, information technology is a proprietary technology, vital technical information regarding design engineering specification, process know-how, testing procedures, etc., being covered by patents or copyrights or closely held as trade secrets within various electronic firms from industrialized countries. Many companies in the software area do not patent or copyright their products because it entails disclosing valuable information, and firms are generally disinclined to license the more recent and advanced technologies. Therefore, technology transfer takes place mainly among established or important producers, hindering the access to developing countries. Moreover, the main issue facing developing countries is not so much the access to a particular technology but to the process of technological change, because of the dynamism of this process. Sagasti i mplies this issue in the book The Uncertain Guest: science, technology and development (1994) that recent trends in inter-firm relationships seem to evidence that this access takes place essentially through the exponentiation in the equity of the company holding the technology.\r\n'