Consumerism Essay

THE DISHONEST FACE OF CONSUMERISMA statistic illustrates that in 1950, in that location is one car for every fifty batch but in 2009, in that location ar to a greater extent than one car for every dozen stack in America. This example demonstrates the increasing effect of consumerism by the polish off of the 20th century. According to Cambridge Dictionary, consumerism is the situation in which too much heed is given to purchasing andowning things. In the light of this definition, it tail end be cogitate that consumerism usually leads to materialism since materialists claim that happiness can be change magnitude through buying and authorizeing as well . It is inevitable that there exist a dissidence amid flock some this issue. Authors like Juliet Schor, Annie Leonard and Danielle Todd foul consumerism is a foe whereas Peter Saunders and James Twitchell, advocates the idea that consumerism is a associate. Consumerism has legion(predicate) negative out executes like ov er unloading, overworking, credit card debts, accessible and economic problems etc. These negative aspects of consumerism be in majority therefore consumerism is a foe. Consumerism is a foe since it causes overworking by triggering the insatiable nature of human. Each somebody aims to pop off a well(p), qualified life and this ambition causes competition between pile. As Annie Leonard mentions, we bring on become a nation of consumers (9). The reason female genital organ this situation is exactly the competitive life circumstances, each person buys more than than than and more to be the best.It is acknowledged that human has an insatiable nature by birth and the consumerist system triggers this stimulation substantially since people do not want to stay out of the competition. Todd states that consumers ar well aware of the insatiable nature of consumerism, but recognize that in their society it is the only come-at-able way to live (1). The most negative aspect of cons umerism emerges at that place since consumers can never be fulfilled with the goods they consume there occurs a circle which tucks people into a trap. The empty and miserable consumers buy more and more goods with the hope of finding fulfillment and reaching the best. For instance, a modern man buys an Iphone 4 and just three months later he canvass his sponsors Iphone 5and decides to buy an Iphone 5 immediately for reaching his friends train . To purchase more, this man obliged to work super so his life passes with heavy working conditions. According to Leonard, this situation creates a crazy work- check up on-spend treadmill (13). This circle damages peoples lives since it is more or less impossible to get rid of this circle because of the unsatisfied nature of human. With the worldly concern of this circle, people turn into robots, they cannot think anything except money, working and shopping. Eventually, peoples psychological and physical healths are damaged because of s tress, they become tired, they do not fox individual times, they do not have any hobbies, they tendency a reference from nature and get stuck into shopping malls etc. Briefly, it can be said that consumerism is a foe since it triggers the unsatisfied nature of people and upon) their lives with the work-watch-spend circle. Advertisements cause the problem of overspending which is the most mischievous number of consumerism.Advertisements have seven functions like identifiying brands, supplying information, knowing previewing new trends etc. but persuasion is the best function which is related with consumerism. Advertisements and consumerism definitely have a validating correlation since powerful and visual advertising directs consumers to purchase goods and services. As Juliet Schor states, it can be said that the growing importance of television causes consumerism (1). It demonstrates that people who watch TV are more inclined to purchasing more. Schor also asserts that an av arage level of TV watching of 15 hours a week equals nearly $3,000 per class (1). So it can be concluded that television is very utile on peoples buying decisions, advertisements direct people to spend more money. These glib advertisements lead people to buy redundant goods. For instance, Twitchell mentions that he bought a Mazda Miata although he did not need this car (1). Moreover, he states that he bought the car because of an advertisement which promotes the idea that if you buy this car, all of your stargazes will come accredited (2). This is a clear example of overspending, an effective advertisement do Twitchell buy a luxury and redundant good which was pretty expensive. Twitchells experience is just the tip of the iceberg, the rate of overspending will increase more and more with the growing importance of television.Due to overspending, people become unavailing to afford their basic, biological needs since they spend all their money for subgross statusgoods. Shortly, it is verified that advertisements direct people to consume more and more but this huge effect of advertisements are destructive since over-consumption makes people futile to afford their basic needs. Credit card debts is another destructive outcome of consumerism. In Turkey, one million and sixty thousand people have credit card debts by 2014. This statistical data demonstrates that consumerism is not a friend for one million and sixty thousand people in Turkey. As it is mentioned before, human has an insatiable nature therefore people see products as a hero and they purchase more and more. Banks take proceeds of peoples fralities and give them lots of credit cards. This situation brings a trouble into society like credit card debts. Juliet Schor fence ins that one of the most fascinating things about credit card debt is how many people are not conscious of their behaviour (3). While buying goods people cannot be aware of what they spend since they are not aware that these cred its are borrowed. They assume that these credits are free and limitless. Credit cards are presented as hero by banks, consumers can buy what they want without reservation payment by cash but at the end this dream concludes with a disappointing end, hoarded credit card debts.Victims of credit cards have to sell their houses, cars etc. to pay their credit card debts. So, it can be concluded that although many people believe to the misleading friendly reckon of consumerism actually it is just an invisible enemy which drags people to debt spiral. Some whitethorn say that consumerism is a friend. However, this assertion is not true. It should not be forgotten that the capitalist system leads to the occurrence of consumerism. Saunders defends that capitalism is good for the soul since it gives people a chance to live a good life (6). That assertion can be accepted to an extent since each person aims to reach a good life. This is a common will of all benevolence but it should be consid ered that human being is insatiable and this system transactions peoples weaknesses which is coming from their nature. As it is mentioned in second and third paragraphs, advertisements exploit peoples weaknesses dramatically by giving the message that they are insufficient. People cannot reject the desirable choices that the system provides and they become a part of this system even if they cannot afford the requirements of a good life. Saunders also hypothesizes that no socioeconomic system can guarantee people a good life, they can just provide glad and worthwhile lives and capitalismpasses with flitting colors on this test (19).There exist a mixer stratification in todays world so these dissolute colors are just accessable for upper and middle classes but what about the working class? Their labor is exploited all the time by this capitalist system. A good system should provide a happy and worthwhile life to everyone, not just the selected rich ones. To sum up, it is true that capitalism can be seen as desirable and attracts many peoples attention but this does not mean that capitalism is a friend since it just provides tricky and temporary dreams to a minor root word of rich people. In conclusion, negative aspects of consumerism like overspending, overworking, credit card debts, social and economic problems etc. outweigh so consumerism is a foe. Although some argue that it is a friend, actually in real life it is impossible to stand out that argument since consumerism triggers the unfulfilling nature of human and it is not desirable or estimable in the long run. Consumerism is just a foe which makes you a dupe with empty promises. Schor believes that, to avoid this situation people should decrease the time they spend in front of the TV, use no credit cards, stop buying unnecessary products and try to make logical, consciously decisions while purchasing (4). If people take these suggestions into account, they can reach a good life without these tricky systems. It should not be forgotten that spending less makes people feel better.WORKS CITEDLeonard, Annie. The Story of Stuff. Free Range Studios, 2007. 20 Aug. 2009. Web.Saunders, Peter. Why capitalism Is Good for the Soul. The Insider 23.4 (2008) 14- 21. Insider Online. The Insider Heritage Foundation, Apr. 2008. Web.Schor, Juliet. Juliet Schor on The Overspent American. TIME.com. N.p., 20 May 1998. Web. http//www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/schor-overspent.htmlTodd, Danielle. You Are What You Buy Postmodern Consumerism and theConstruction of Self. Fall 2011. Web.Twitchell, James. How I Bought My passing Miata. August/ September 2000. Web.

Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage

Let us take an example of dickens husbandmans who argon producing the like type of commodities, which are ground nuts and maize, from the same coat of farms. If the two farmers decide to devote all their efforts in producing maize, their farm exposeputs go out be as follows farmer A 600 bags and farmer B two hundred bags. If they share their resources well and produce ground nuts, their output leave be as follows farmer A 300 bags, and farmer B cc bags. We commode say that that farmer A enjoys absolute advantage in producing both(prenominal) maize and groundnuts than farmer B.The two farmers cigaret still hush up good from each some different through specialization and commodity exchange. husbandman A has a comparative advantage in producing maize use farmer B has comparative advantage in producing groundnuts repayable to luck represent of production in both farms. Based on ongoing economical conditions, make unmatched argument in favor of more governa nce appointment in the economy and one argument in favor of less government involvement in the economy. For many governments, involvement in their respective economies is meaning(a).This is because the governments can ensure that producers are non exploited due to lack of market for their products in by enhancing trade with other countries. The governments for cast thus procure ready markets for that product in other countries, accordingly promoting the economy in their home countries. Moreover, governmental involvement in their countries economies is important because it can ensure that business activities are regulated for a trim enterp plagiarise and competition. Governments may also fight corruption in offstage sectors to ensure that consumers are not exploited by the massive producers and monopolies.Diminishing borderline utility explains a lot about human behavior. For example, it helps perch why diets fail, romances fade, too much exercise harms us, and many other things. pack a human behavior and construct a mini shield teach that highlights the workings of marginal utility. Take an example one universe thirsty(p) and instead of drinking water, deciding to go to a nigh cell or shop to drink a c sometime(a) pop. The root soda they get may be very good or palatable until they decide to take another one. For the first soda taking, on a scale of ten, the person can eventide nominate ten out of ten.For the second soda, since they get down somehow quenched their thirst, they can score quintet out of ten. If they appease to take another soda, they can even not finish it and now score two out of ten. file the finishing Word piece Financing Social Security listed below. Of the alternate wooes to repairing favorable security, which do you think makes the most sense, and why? As part of your perform find a recent (less than a year old) member on the subject and cite it. The approach that makes the most sense is drop the payrol l department taxes through personal retirement account.This approach is important because it can rectify the standard of living of employees in the future after they declare retired from work. Employees provide be able to properly structure their incomes besides cosmos allowed to get used in future to any need during their term of retirement. They may thus either extend their own business or enclose of death arises they can leave those funds for their families. An advantage of development this approach is that new employees, who will perhaps be earning low incomes as compared to the old employees, will have to contribute fewer taxes toward the security fund.They will however continue increasing their remittances as their payroll will continue to rise up. Those funds must also be deducted throughout ones life until they retire from your job. People will thus start receiving the benefits of that scheme, or in case of they die, their spouses or dependants can enjoy that benefit . other impressiveness is that workers of any income level are allowed to contribute to this scheme and take a crap live eggs for their families. Personal retirement accounts are voluntary and five-year-old workers have an opportunity to open and continue with them for future benefits which could be a worth a presentable sum of money.Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative usefulnessLet us take an example of two farmers who are producing the same type of commodities, which are ground nuts and maize, from the same size of farms. If the two farmers decide to devote all their efforts in producing maize, their farm outputs will be as follows farmer A 600 bags and farmer B 200 bags. If they allocate their resources well and produce ground nuts, their output will be as follows farmer A 300 bags, and farmer B 200 bags. We can say that that farmer A enjoys absolute advantage in producing both maize and groundnuts than farmer B.The two farmers can however still benefit from each othe r through specialization and commodity exchange. Farmer A has a comparative advantage in producing maize while farmer B has comparative advantage in producing groundnuts due to opportunity cost of production in both farms. Based on current economic conditions, make one argument in favor of more government involvement in the economy and one argument in favor of less government involvement in the economy. For many governments, involvement in their respective economies is important.This is because the governments can ensure that producers are not exploited due to lack of market for their products in by enhancing trade with other countries. The governments will thus procure ready markets for that product in other countries, hence promoting the economy in their home countries. Moreover, governmental involvement in their countries economies is important because it can ensure that business activities are regulated for a free enterprise and competition. Governments may also fight corruption in private sectors to ensure that consumers are not exploited by the large producers and monopolies.Diminishing marginal utility explains a lot about human behavior. For example, it helps illuminate why diets fail, romances fade, too much exercise harms us, and many other things. Select a human behavior and construct a mini case study that highlights the workings of marginal utility. Take an example one being thirsty and instead of drinking water, deciding to go to a nearby kiosk or shop to drink a cold soda. The first soda they get may be very good or appetizing until they decide to take another one. For the first soda taking, on a scale of ten, the person can even score ten out of ten.For the second soda, since they have somehow quenched their thirst, they can score five out of ten. If they continue to take another soda, they can even not finish it and now score two out of ten. Read the LAST Word piece Financing Social Security listed below. Of the alternative approaches to repai ring social security, which do you think makes the most sense, and why? As part of your answer find a recent (less than a year old) article on the subject and cite it. The approach that makes the most sense is investing the payroll taxes through personal retirement account.This approach is important because it can improve the standard of living of employees in the future after they have retired from work. Employees will be able to properly structure their incomes besides being allowed to get used in future to any need during their time of retirement. They may thus either start their own business or incase of death arises they can leave those funds for their families. An advantage of using this approach is that new employees, who will perhaps be earning low incomes as compared to the old employees, will have to contribute fewer taxes toward the security fund.They will however continue increasing their remittances as their payroll will continue to rise up. Those funds must also be ded ucted throughout ones life until they retire from your job. People will thus start receiving the benefits of that scheme, or in case of they die, their spouses or dependants can enjoy that benefit. Another importance is that workers of any income level are allowed to contribute to this scheme and build nest eggs for their families. Personal retirement accounts are voluntary and young workers have an opportunity to open and continue with them for future benefits which could be a worth a presentable sum of money.

Elements of Gothic Literature Essay

Gothic literature was born in 1764 when Horace Walpole published The Castle of Otranto, which is considered to be the first mediaeval novel ever written. Gothic literature was primitively written as a re symbolizeion to the age of reason, order, and the politics of eighteenth-century England. Containing anti-Catholic sentiments and mythologic aspects, Gothic literature explored the tension between what we fear and what we desire. The stories were unremarkably get up in few kind of palace or old make that showed human decay and created an atmosphere of mystery and suspense. Often, wholeness of the main characters would be some sort of damsel in distress, threatened by some man.The word of honors chosen in these novels and short stories were very descriptive, creating overwrought emotion and often, feelings of gloom and horror. Also, within the plot, some sort of ancient prophecy, along with omens and visions, could usu wholey be set in motion. The most important elements to the structure of approved gothic literature, however, be wizard(prenominal) and unexplainable events.In The Castle of Otranto, much of the plot surrounds iodine unexplainable incident a giant black helmet falls on Prince Conrad, thus killing him. Because of Prince Conrads death, Manfred, his father, captures a passing peasant, Theodore, and pursues Isabella, Conrads fiancee. afterwards, it is larn that Jerome (the minister) is Theodores father. If the helmet had never fallen on Conrad, Manfred never would have halt Theodore, and Jerome would never have found his long lost son. Manfred, still believe that Theodore is guilty of dropping the helmet by sorcery, is ready to execute him.At this header in the written report, Isabellas long lost father appears, which halts Theodores execution. It is later learned that Isabellas father found her because a dream he had led him to a monk, who led him to Otranto. The supernatural event here is the dream, which rancid break through to forecast reality. He accuses Manfred of non cosmos the rightful rule of Otranto. Eventually, everything is confirmed when the giant version of Alfonso the Good that has been living in the castle (another mysterious incident) breaks by the walls and proclaims Theodore the natural heir of Alfonso and the rightful ruler of Otranto.The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, whose informant remains anonymous, also has a similar dependency on a chain of supernatural events. Sir Thomas Fitz-Martin acquires an abbey, which he finds in ruins. He is accepted it can be repaired, so he and his people venture inside. Upon exploring the abbey, Fitz-Martin opens a door with difficulty, only to be met with severe shrieks from inside that particular room. Later in the story, the superstition surrounding those shrieks is explained.Evidently, every night, the ghost of St. Anna can be seen walking up to the altar. She stays there until midnight, and then walks to the southernmost tower. She scre ams trio times, and the ghost of the evil Baron, who possessed the abbey historic period before, comes. Then, Anna chases him with a fire-brand in one hand and a dead baby in her other arm. The both ghosts eventually come to the Barons old room, where dismal yells and destruction groans can be heard from. Fiery lights surround the Barons old room until the clock that hasnt been touched in years strikes two, or sometimes three oclock.This story of supernatural feature strikes the curiosity of Rosaline, Sir Thomas Fitz-Martins daughter, who then decides to go investigate the south tower. When she does, she finds the torture chamber where they killed St. Anna so many years ago. She is debating whether or not to go in, when she hears a vocalize commanding her to enter. She feels almost possessed, as the voice tells her to reach inside the coffin. When she does, she pulls something out and takes it with her, fleeing in terror. It is the supernatural phenomenon of this voice that br ings in St. Annas story, which is written on the papers with which Rosaline fled in terror.The Vampyre by stern Polidori casts an interesting slant on the element of supernatural events. The entire story is a supernatural event because ennoble Ruthven is a vampire, a supernatural creature. Before this is revealed to the reader, however, there be important unexplainable events that allude to his being a vampire and are of utmost importance to the story. It is the mystery of cleric Ruthvens appearance that first attracts Aubrey to him, and thus begins the story. Aubrey wants to get to know him better, hopefully tounderstand the enigma of his demeanor.They leave on a trip together, and Aubrey notices that Lord Ruthven is extremely charitable. He also notices, though, that Lord Ruthven always gives his money to the scoundrels of society, those who go away piddle away the charity pursuing their vices. Then he realizes that all who receive money from Lord Ruthven end up far worsened than they were before the charity. Although Aubrey cannot explain this, it intrigues him and makes him wonder if there isnt a aerate of evil in Lord Ruthven.Some time later, Aubrey receives letters from his child and his guardians. The letter from his sis is very loving, only when the letter from his guardians bears only full-grown and mysterious news. They tell him that his traveling companion is pure evil, that all the women at home that he wooed because of their virtues, have now come forth and shown that they are tainted, and pursue their vices publicly. The people of their town find this unexplainable and very unnerving. He was suspicious of Lord Ruthvens evil before, and upon reading the letter, Aubrey decides that he must leave Lord Ruthven for the remainder of the trip.Aubrey travels to Greece, where he stays with a kind family and falls in love with their daughter, Ianthe, although he does not act on it. It is here that he learns the legend of the vampire. One day he goes to a place to research, and they tell him to be confirm before black because of the vampire. He loses track of time and it is soon dark. He hears a scream and runs toward it. He finds a hut, and picks up a dagger that is inside. However, he is also late. Ianthe was murdered by the vampire. Aubrey falls into a fever and Lord Ruthven returns to him and nurses him back to health. Soon after this, they are attacked by robbers and Lord Ruthven is wounded.He dies, nevertheless makes Aubrey promise to him that he will not speak a word of his death. When Aubrey goes back for Lord Ruthvens body, it is asleep(p), and the robbers tell Aubrey that they had to put it in the moonshine the first night of Lord Ruthvens death. They go to where they left the corpse, but it has mysteriously disappeared. Aubrey decides that it is time to go home. On his way home, he goes through Lord Ruthvens things and finds a shaft that matches the dagger he found in the hut exactly. This confirms for Aubre ythat Lord Ruthven is the vampire.When he arrives home, his sister holds a drawing-room. Here, Aubrey is snatched by the arm and told to remember his oath. Aubrey is dumbfounded because Lord Ruthven is supposed to be dead, but here he is, pursuing his sister. This drives him into a terrible fever. During this fever, he figures out that his sister is engaged to Lord Ruthven and fears for her. He tries to stop the wedding, but everyone thinks that he is crazy and dismisses him. His sister is killed at the end of the story.The fact that Lord Ruthven is a supernatural creature accounts for all of the supernatural events and the entire story. If he was not a vampire, his demeanor would never have attracted Aubrey initially, and Aubrey never would have kaput(p) traveling with Lord Ruthven. Had Aubrey not gone traveling with him, he never would have discovered that Lord Ruthven was a vampire, and gone crazy. If Aubrey had not gone crazy, he would have been able to stop the wedding and sav e his sisters life.Supernatural and unexplainable events are crucial to the plot of a gothic story. Often, they act as the backbone of the plot and many of the deal and coincidences rest upon them. In The Castle of Otranto, they act as the coincidence drivers as well as supply some of the omens and visions, another element of gothic literature. They bring the real story to the surface in The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, and provide the entry for the story in The Vampyre. Without the element of supernatural and unexplainable events, much of the canonical gothic literature would not stand on its own.

ABC Case Study

Inc. Has made any(prenominal) crucial errors within their company. Failed geological formation, squad up upwork, lack of meet cutledge and while worry seem to play the largest role in the problems that BBC is lively facing. These problems can exclusively be worked on and inevitably corrected with the usage of the correct solution. flat coat Carl Robins has been appointed the new leavener for BBC, Inc. Upon entry of his new position, he has been assigned the assign of recruiting and hiring new employees for the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carroll.This Job would leave him with some(prenominal) there responsibilities, which Include, solely are not limited to scheduling the training, hosting orientation, preparing manuals and policy booklets, conducting physicals, and sending recruits in to be medicine tested. Confident in his abilities to accomplish this, Carl Robins assures Robin that he could handle this, no problem. Even though Carl had roughly 2 months to mark f or the orientation and hiring of his new recruits, he failed to look over his materials in a well timed(p) manner.Just a couple weeks before the orientation, he noticed that none of the trainees had been sent to drug jesting and a number of them had in do it applications and transcripts. On top of that, he had no complete orientation manuals prepared for the 15 recruits. While running out of time and already frustrated with the current situation, he goes to the training room and certainizes that it has been double booked during the time when he was to be giving the orientations. Carl has become overwhelmed and does not know what to do next. diametriciate Problems The problems within BBC, Inc. As exclusivelysome as with Carl Robins, are obvious. There is a serious lack of team up effort In a plant and Job that requires such. Being able to work within a team Improves productivity and success, as well as enriches employee relationships (Mukluk, 2013). It would be in BBC, Inc. s best interest to improve upon this. Proper teamwork would also improve Abss organisational sk chastenings which seem to be lacking. Incomplete manuals and double booking of a training room would likely not occur with proper disposal and team ability. On the Job training is also lacking within this company.Carl Robins was all the way unprepared for his Job of recruiting and training his prospective employees. He had no real understanding of hat all went into this before taking on such a big project. Its clear that he assumed things would be much(prenominal) organized and prepared for him to where he could wait until the last minute and be K. This was not the case and brings us into another key problem for Carl Robins, which is time management. Carl had ample time in the beginning to prepare for this Job, yet he waited over a month to start reviewing all his paperwork and scheduling affairs for his recruitment.He would not entertain felt near the overwhelming sense of nip had he used his time wisely. Alternatives There are many different ways that BBC, Inc. Couldve made this adjoin go smoother and with more efficiency. Carl Robins, first, could have shadowed the former recruiter prior to taking on this Job. This way he would have known exactly what to expect when doing it on his own. He would know where everything is, what is normal procedure, what typical problems arise and how long it takes to accomplish each improver his time management, Carl could have created a checklist and a deadline for each item on the checklist.This way he would not be pressed for time and would not verse any important factors within his efforts. This would increase his organization, as well as allow him to focus on one thing at a time. Another thing he could do to make this process go wear, and within a timely manner, is to create a team within the workplace in which he could delegate different Jobs to. With the checklist and deadlines, he would know exactly what needs to g et through and when, of which he could communicate to his teammates.In response to the double booked room, Carl could try to work something out with his colleague where he would give him the space for the ay of orientation, or he could find a different room to use. If he uses a different room, theres a come across it allow not be able to accommodate all 15 trainees and he may have to split their orientations into two separate days. Proposed Solutions My proposed solution is to increase on the Job training. BBC had given a Job to an employee who was ill prepared. There is no reason that he should have expected manuals to be completed for future recruits when there wasnt even one available.This shows the lack of organization within the company prior to the entrance of Mr.. Robins. If this was a known fact, it shouldve been relayed to him with proper communication from his supervisor or any other co-workers who work alongside him. Carl should not have been thrown into a situation , first thing, where he had many hoops to Jump through. I also encourage creating checklists with deadlines. Focusing on one thing at a time decreases the chances of getting overwhelmed. For example, he should make sure all applications were completed, one recruit at a time, and then moved them straight into the drug testing.Drug testing should be done quickly as a arm of pre-qualification for the Job. Since drug testing be money, it should go along with a complete application, in which also pre-qualifies the recruit for the Job. This would go more smoothly if not only he had a checklist for each task, but for each recruit. This way he could see his leave and overall completion for each trainee. He would not be affect with every incomplete document and the fact that no one has been drug tested. He should be working with his co-workers with effective communication skills in recite to ensure these things get completed.Team building exercises should be implemented within the whole company. Many problems factor back to a lack of teamwork and communication amid employees. Some possible demodulating exercises for BBC could be, Job shadowing (Hatfield, 2014), lunch room discussions, and straight drawings (Middleton, 2014). Job shadowing is to be done within different departments (Hatfield, 2014). discontinue employees the chance to shadow someone outside of their own department so they are familiarized with what other employees are doing. This would eliminate confusion on who is accessibility for what Job at BBC, Inc.This could also spark ideas of how employees could work unitedly more effectively to accomplish tasks. Lunch room discussions would involve employees divide off into discussion groups during a scheduled lunch time (Middleton, 2014). Employees would be split up at random with the intermingling of each department. In these groups, they will discuss problems within the workplace, as well as, examples of problems that could arise and what solutions they come up with for each issue. This would be very beneficial in creating a team deter communication.Two employees sit back-to-back and try to work unitedly to complete a goal, solely with communication. One person has a shape in mind and the other person has a pencil and paper. The employee with the shape has to excuse what to do with the pencil in order to complete the proper drawing without using any examples of the shapes itself. When finished, the two employees compare the shapes and encourage questions on communication and interpretations of employees. Recommendations I highly encourage team building exercises throughout the replete(p) company.This will allow employees to understand what is happening with all their co-workers and gives them a better understanding of where they fit in. This will also allow them to work together in order to avoid scheduling conflicts. I also press better on-the-Job training. Carl should have been left in a much better position than what he was, despite some failures on his part. I also encourage organizational skills to be added into the workplace. Focusing on organization is important to complete each Job in an effective and timely manner.

ICT is a term that describes both computer Essay

Indeed, it is important that each scholarly person be equipped with the necessary engineering if these students be expected to access, analyze and utilise data (Zardoya, 2001). Business researchers are similarly concerned with the question of whether or not the introduction of information engineering science leads to a break down militant reinforcement, better sense of judgment that leads to better decision making and a greater level of productivity (Al-Gahtani, 2003).ICT is a term that describes both computing machine software and hardware, access to the internet and information and communication applied science resources as he World Wide Web and CD-ROMs (Clark et al. , 2005). That is, the issue should not be whether engineering science works as a replacement for old, rather, it should be how we plunder develop and choose visions that will utilize the immense power of technology for the support and groundwork of new forms of tuition (p. 4). Overall, CACSR provides stude nts with the requisite environment, which is interactive, intended to solemnize up their interest small-arm teaching them the application of comprehension strategies as they read expository text passages (Kim et al. ,).Studies have shown that educational technology in which dictionary component is integrated has been successfully utilized in the progress of literacy skills among elementary school students (Fry & Gosky, 2007). In analyzing the study, the researcher suggested that CD-ROM storybooks have a positive impact on reading comprehension. This is beca routine they reduce decoding challenges while they allow students to obtain help as often as they imply ed it without having to wait for the teacher (Fry & Gosky).QuickSmart is a data processor-assisted program designed to make better the automaticity of the elementary academic skills of students who have persistent skill difficulties in their nerve center years of schooling (Graham & Bellert, et al. , 2007,). Based on an information-processing view of cognitive trading operations QuickSmart was intended to be an strong intervention concentreed on basic academic skills that groundwork equip students with the requisite skills to engage more successfully with classroom instruction (Graham & Bellert, et al. ,.Concept-mapping software, or webbing, allows students and teachers to construct supposition maps using proper(postnominal) software programs (Marchinko, 2004,). Concept-mapping software has been delectationd in pose school acquisition classes to help students decipher both the similarities and differences amidst and animal and plant stall and in indite class to help students brainstorm and add to the concept network as themes come from the students in the class (Marchinko,).Teachers also utilisation concept-mapping software to provide their students with a visual roadmap of the direction which each lesson is acquittance (Marchinko,). The KidTools computer programs are electronic pe rformance support systems. They directly prove out behavior and academic performance support software for children with nurture difficulties. (Miller & Fitzgerald, 2007, p. 13). A cognitive-behavioral modification program, KidTools is one of some(prenominal) programs which have break down increasingly popular during the last two decades as researchers have documented their doingualness (Miller & Fitzgerald).RockSim is a rocket design program for middle school figure class, which takes students through the process of engineering their own rockets and performs flight simulations (Wilson, 2005,). Finally, BodyFun is a computer game kindle take the children through the rudiments of nutrition and other(a) health information. (Geiger, et al. , 2002,). In a test of BodyFun in a middle school class the opinion of teachers is that the program is of very high character and the materials of good feeling.However, they were also of the opinion that the program is suitable for the sch ool environment. (Geiger & Petri, et al. ,). teaching method is feeling pressure to respond to a mandate to improve the engagement-level of classrooms, due to surveys which repeatedly find middle school students particularly characterize tralatitious classes as boring (Taylor & Duran, 2006, p. 11). Overall, most classrooms continue to implement instructional practices that focus on memorization of facts and the reading of textbooks and other course materials.(Taylor & Duran,). As a result, many researchers have called for the dire ingest to move from a informative to a constructivist approach to teaching (Taylor & Duran, p. 11). In most classes, this entails increasing the students abilities of inquiry, and this can be enhanced by using appropriate technologies (Taylor & Duran, p . 11). unity teacher reports that her middle school students have become experts at creating photograph projects and slide shows that showed what theyve learned (Crawford, 2005, p. 2).InFocus projec tors nonplusd a difference that was unmistakably prominent and ameliorate class cedeation and involvement (Crawford, p. 1). Studies have shown that students who drop computers to write reports had better grades in the same tests as those students that did not use computers for the same purpose at all (Taylor & Duran, 2006, p. 10). One study gear up that teachers who made tied(p) use of PowerPoint presentations felt more confident in their ability to produce and help students develop skills in creating multimedia presentations and products that support active learning (Taylor & Duran, p. 13).Video streaming is some other(prenominal) technology being used in some classrooms (Whitaker, 2003), while some K-12 classrooms are even experimenting with robotics activities to enhance student engagement in lessons (Williams & Ma, et al. , 2007, p. 201), although most reports on the usefulness of robotics is anecdotal in nature and evidence is still required to prove to educators that robotics activities have a positive impact on curricular goals (Williams et al. , p. 201).Now, many believe that the crossroad of literacy instruction, for instance, the internet is re modeling the face of literacy instruction. This is be agent teachers now seek to prepare the children for their well be future (Witte, 2007, p. 93). A threaded discussion group is a is a series of postings on a single topic (Grisham & Wolsey, p. 651). The study found that through threaded discussion, student engagement was increased. This was because they were able to establish a community through which pick up of conversation is achievable.Also, there is also a degree of control over the meanings they jointly constructed and also the connections they wanted to mane to their own worlds. (Grisham & Wolsey, p. 649). Though acknowledging that one of the serious drawbacks to the Web is that students often become lost trying to navigate through a maze of foggy information (Trotter, 2004, p. 1). The My Access program is a web-based writing program that instantly rack up essays and provides remedial instruction for students at a middle school in Georgia (Ullman, 2006, p. 76).The program was found to not only relieve teachers of very much of their paper correcting burden, but also the instant feedback gave room for more quality which led to a significant increase in quality of writing (Ullman, p. 76). Another project reported on in the literature was the creation of a website which supported middle school teachers and students in making connections between literature and science in the context of the local environment (Howes & Hamilton, 2003, p. 454). WebQuest is another powerful tool for teachers to use in improving the engagement level of students in their class (Lipscomb, 2003, p.154). Though relatively new, educators are already advance its impact (Lipscomb, 2003, p. 153). The important pedagogical purpose of a WebQuest is that it provides purposeful experience for students, both with the technology and in the subject matter being explored (Lipscomb, p. 154). much recently, other schools are experimenting with the use of blogs, or web logs, to enhance learning. Witte (2007) pushed for the use of a blog discussion tool on already present school computer networks in order to further engage students in learning (p. 95).Witte (2007) decided that blogs were an important go-between between class and students when he found out that, while some students showed minimal interest in our classroom activities and assignments, they were reported, by their parents, working on the computer, writing poems and essays away new-made into the night. (Witte, p. 92). A theory was devised as to why dissemination was so slow, with explanations focusing on the way farmers gained information about the innovation and which channels were ministrant in making them reach the decision to use the new idea (Rogers, p. 14).Diffusion theory can help educators understand why technolog y is and is not adopted in classrooms (Surry, 1997). Other researchers have adopted the diffusion model to counteract the fact that lack of employ has been the bane of the utilization of new and innovative instructional products (Minishi-Majanja & Kiplangat, p. 4). Indeed, Al-Gahtanis (2003) literature review revealed 75 articles in which perceived attributes were measured, with the overall result being that compatibility and relative advantage scored high when implemented in companies while complexity was a disfavor in its acceptation process (p.59). While determinists can be any utopian or dystopian (Marx, McCluhan and Toffler versus Ellul, Orwell or Luddites), all determinists see technology as an autonomous force. They describe it as being beyond the control of humans. They also see technology as a principal cause of cordial change (Surry, 1997, p. 6). In education, developer-based theory results in top-down technology-based reform initiatives much(prenominal) as Goals 200 0, which seek to implement educational change by proposing systems that are better than previously existing one (Surry, p. 7).Overall, the instructional information process is of the basic assumption that technological superiority is enough a condition that directly leads to the bridal and diffusion of products and practices that are innovative (Surry, p. 7). Adopter-based theoreticians such as Ernest Burkman are prone to mention out situations where a technologically superior innovation was rejected by users because of the strength of human, interpersonal and social factors which sometimes play a prominent role in adoption than technological superiority (Surry, p. 11).Another by-product of adopter-based theory is the study of penalize effects, which occur when this occurs when alien structures, organisms and devices interact with human beings in ways allegory ways which they previously, did not forsee (Surry, p. 11). Indeed, a prominent component of the adopter-based diffusion theories is the need to predict and account for samely revenge effects (Surry, p. 11). Large subdue market forces such as sector growth, volatility and concentration of markets effect the acceptance of a particular technology (Park et al. , p. 1480). Subjective norm is another strong construct developed on this line of research.Subjective norm is defined as an individuals perception that people who are important to him are of the opinion that a certain action or behavior should not be performed by him and has been shown to strongly influence adoption of technology, especially if use is mandatory and not voluntary (Park & OBrien, et al. , p. 1480). any of this feeds into instruction through the lens of constructivism, or the belief that learning happens especially agreeably in a situation where the learner is consciously engaged in constructing a public entity, be it a sand stronghold on the beach or the theory of the universe (Williams & Ma, et al. , 2007).In this context, te chnology is used in education to create a situation that enables learning by making and learning by design (Williams & Ma, et al. ,). Various programs along these lines include efforts to have children design computer games, and making learning easier with programmable bricks (Williams et al). Thus, from the constructivist point of view, the way computers are used is more important than the fact that they are present in a room (Sheumaker & Slate,).Integration of computers is deemed successful only when students learn through computers and not about them (Sheumaker & Slate, et al. , p. 3). Finally, reinforcing this model is the ecological model of technology integration in education. According to this model, technologies are just like actors in social systems, embedded visibly or invisibly in the context of activities (Kupperman & Fishman, 2002,). Through the use of new tools we develop new literacies, and from use or non-use are active, inactive or even, semi-active members of class (Kupperman & Fishman,).Mention of the rallying cry actor enlists actor-network theory into these models as well. According to this model, the social world can be describes as materially heterogeneous. It consists of a tangled web of several human and nonhuman participants who participate and negotiate among themselves. They make rules for themselves based on shifting allegiances and interactions (Samarawickrema & Stacey, 2007). In order to have their way, these various actors may use calculation, negotiation, persuasion and even violence (Samarawickrema & Stacey,).

Database Enviroment Essay

THE DATABASE purlieuA selective disciplinebase defines a structure for storing info and it collects study that is organized in such a way that a computer program back end quickly select desired pieces of data. A database can in any case be thought of as an electronic filing administration. Data and information atomic number 18 extracted from a database by creating a query and then submitting it to the query database perplexity system (database management system) and it is posed in a language that only the DBMS can understand.PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTSThe museums circulating(prenominal) system is efficient but thither seems to be some problems with the rights and privileges to the current drug users. For example, all users currently give way the rights to input signal registration dates for trus 2rthy events. The current system in not trailing the dates therefor there is no log of how galore(postnominal) people are attending or the dates that they are supposed to attend. There seems to be wooly inventory because the inventory does not match the reports that are generated. Some former(a) problems that may exist is if nontextual matter is removed and it is not enter into the database positioning it leave al unmatchable not be updated. The reports also take too great to generate and scan the inventory.This requires the help of a user who has better get at to the system rights. The administrator testament have the rights to go in, entre information and change and fix issues that occur. The basic employees allow for have limited rights to access certain information such as certain finesseist and artistic creation in the museum as substantially as dates that the artist will be in the museum. There is also a need for an explicit attendant and recovery implementation. The administrator also involve to track openings for rude(a) artwork in the museum.SecurityThe administrative support can use the systems database on with other perishd perso nal as long as he or she has a username and a battle cry to access it. The system is password protected and is a secure system. Security is a plus when employ a database where many users will be accessing the system. There will be a set exemplification to what a user can and cannot do based on what their position is on the databases.OBJECTIVESThe Museum of Fine Arts need to install an updated database to track the new and animated art work on with the location of the art and artist as salutary as new artist. It needs to store all of the artists information as far as phone numbers, how many pieces of art they have in the museum, as well as clients that have purchased artwork or that is interested in certain pieces of art. The database also needs to store the quantity of art pieces sold and its current inventory at the museum along with the prices. They also need to log the attendance of the people that come to the museum. This system is maintained so that personnel have the ab ility to check the artist details, updated artwork as well as the entire museum notices, if any should be in the database.SCOPE AND BOUNDARIESThe scope is to jut out a database that holds the museums information in a secure environment. The database design will encompass one or more functions in a atomic number 53 environment or department. One of the boundaries is working with the existing hardware. Since the new database system will use standard reusable components, such as standard date routines or file access routines that will be modified. We will improve service by providing an information system to respond to guest inquiries which is all screen based. Cost of implementing the database, training and training materials for the employees might be another boundary. We will also, be implementing a disaster recovery cast for the system.Data Specifications List-Purpose- The purpose is to store information about the artists as well as current and new artwork in the museum. The da tabase will also store information about the entire inventory that is currently in the museum along with the sale prices.A list of the major entities and the attributes about which information will be captured.Entities Attributes1. ArtworkYear and Date Made, size, name2. ArtistName, Artist ID number, Phone number,3. PriceHow many SaleDate of purchase, Item Purchases, Cost of ItemFunctionality- The data will be apply to generate reports and track the inventory that is in the museum as well as facilitate searching and matching of the artist and artwork. Data Quality- The art museums theater director and assistant manager will work to keep the data up to date. The data quality of the art museum is very important to the operation of the business. Without data quality for the museum it could lead to the loss of cliental, artist, revenue and potential closing of the art museum.Business Rules- There is many business rules that apply to the database. To determine whether a client is consi dered active or inactive they should have some flake of communication and or contribute artwork to the museum every six months. original clients information is mandatory such as talk but we need to have at least their name and two contact numbers. The art museums manager is the only one who has the authority to authorize particular transactions. Classifications The classification schemes that might be used by the database is alphabetic order or last names first. Data, which is categorized in a meaningful way, is much easier to search, sort and report on.User Interface-The user porthole should look and behave in a simple manor for the user to navigate between different parts of the database. Specific functionality should be use and easy to use for such things as searching, adding new records and updating existing records. Reports- There are many reports that are required. There needs to be an inventory report done weakly to track the inventory. There needs to be an expense repor t generated as well as a loss and gain report.Security- The access to certain data needs to be restricted by user name and password because some information in the database contains sensitive information. The manager will be the only one that can add, edit or delete information. The types of art, prices and the artist information will be accessible to people outside of the museum via the internet. Scale- The museum needs a thumping database considering the amount of work it is required to do for example, the records the database will contain and the fact that it is available 24 hours a day. Operating Environment- The museum will need a system that can be added to in the future.ReferencesManagement-Hub.Com. (2013). Understanding the Objectives of Database Management in an Organization. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from URL http//www.management-hub.com/database-management-objectives.htmlBenda, S. (2011).Constraints and the Test-Driven Database Retrieved January 30, 2013, from URL htt p//www.simple-talk.comPeter, R. and Coronel, C. (2009). Database Systems Design, Implementation, and Management Computers, Scope and Boundaries. Retrieved February 1, 2013 from URL http//books.google.comUniversity of Phoenix. (2004).hebdomad Two overview. Retrieved February 1, 2013, from University of Phoenix, Week Two, Resource. DBM/380-Database Designs Web site www.ecampus.phoenix.edu

Electrochemistry experimen Essay

insane asylum Redox responses are reactions where the oxidation states of the atoms change. The atoms are either oxidized or reduced, depending if they lose or gain electrons. Electrochemical jail cells are devices that cause a current from redox reactions. It is set up so that electrons lost from whiz of the reagents rear end travel to another reagent. This creates a voltage, which is also known as the electric electromotive force difference. This voltage can be read if a high-resistance voltmeter or multimeter is connected to the circuit.Salt twain is used to allow migration of ions amidst two electric cells to maintain neutrality of effects. It is usually made up of a filter paper mois cristaled with an torpid solution or an inert solution/gelatine coarseness bridge to prevent oxidation of certain(p) ions. This experiment is divided into 2 sort outs segmentation A and part B. Part A Objective To investigate the effect of change in lead(II) ion concentration on the po tentiality of the Pb2+(aq) Pb(s) electrode Introduction This experiment investigates the e. m. f. of the cell Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) Pb2+(aq)Pb(s). property the ion concentration in the copper electrode system aeonian(1M) and varying the ion concentration in the lead electrode system, the effect of change in lead(II) ion concentration on the potential of electrode as well as the Kc of the higher up reaction can be found. Chemicals Copper foil x1, lead foil x1, 1M Cu2+ solution, 0. 1M Pb2+ solution, saturated kibibyte nitrate solution Apparatus 250 cm3 beakers, 50cm3 beakers multimeter, distilled irrigate bottle, filter papers, electric wires with electrode holders, forceps, 100ml volumetric flask,10ml pipette x2, dropper Procedure 1. The 0. 1M, 0.01M, 0. 001M, 0. 0001M Pb2+ solutions were hustling from 0. 1M Pb2+ solution by dilution(1 share solution plus 10 portions water). 2. The copper and lead electrodes were cleaned with a gumption paper. 3. The circuit was connected as the di agram below. 4. The e. m. f. was recorded when the data shown was stable. 5. The preceding(prenominal) steps(2-4) were repeated with 0. 01M, 0. 001M and 0. 0001M Pb2+ solutions. Safety precaution Potassium nitrate solution accomplish with combustible material whitethorn lead to fire 1M Copper(II) sulphate solution harmful and irritating to eyes and skin. Safety goggles should be worn.Experimental set-up Results Pb2+/M logPb2+ E/V 0. 1 -1 0. 482 0. 01 -2 0. 502 0. 001 -3 0. 521 0. 0001 -4 0. 545 Graph of E against log Pb2+ heading shown Given the ion concentration in the copper electrode system constant, it is found that the potential of the cell drops as the lead(II) ion concentration increment. The electrode potential is inversely proportional to the ten folds of ion concentrations. Calculation When the reaction Cu2+(aq) + Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) + Cu(s) achieves symmetricalness, the net e. m. f. of the cell=0 volt. The equilibrium aspect of this reaction isKc= Pb2+(aq) Cu(s) /Cu2+( aq) Pb(s) The effective concentration of Pb(s)/ Cu(s) are independent of its issue forth present and can be considered as constant. This reduces the expression to Kc= Pb2+(aq) /Cu2+(aq) = 11021 Conclusion The potential of the cell decreases ad the ion concentration of Pb2+ increases. Further outline Using the Nernst equation E=E? -0. 059/n logox/red, Take Pb2+=0. 1 M as an example, E=0. 47-0. 059/2 log(0. 1/1)=0. 4405(V) Pb2+/M logPb2+ E/V(calculated) E/V(measured) %difference 0. 1 -1 0. 4405 0. 482 9. 42% 0. 01 -2 0. 529 0. 502 5. 10%.0. 001 -3 0. 5585 0. 521 6. 71% 0. 0001 -4 0. 588 0. 545 7. 31% It is shown that difference is present between the calculated value and measured value.This whitethorn be because of different conditions, resistance of the multimeter or misconducts in preparation of versatile concentrations of solutions. Part B Objective To find out the equilibrium constant by e. m. f. measurement Introduction The equilibrium constant for the below reaction is foun d out Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) Fe3+ (aq) + Ag(s) By e. m. f. measurement on the cell Pt Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq)Ag+(aq)Ag(s) Chemicals 0. 1 M Fe3+ solution, 0.2 M iron(II)sulphate, 0. 2M barium nitrate, 0. 4M silver grey nitrate, platinum electrode, silver electrode Apparatus gelatine salt bridge, 250 cm3 beakers, 50cm3 beakers ,multimeter, distilled water bottle, electrical wires with electrode holders, forceps, 10ml pipette x2 Procedure 1. Equal volumes of 0. 2M FeSO4 and 0. 2M Ba(NO3)2 were mixed and the precipitate was allowed to rout without disturbance. 2. Equal volumes of 0. 1M iron(II) nitrate solution obtained and the iron(III)nitrate solution were mixed. This was the Fe2+(aq)/Fe2+(aq) half-cell. 3.The 0. 4M, 0. 2M, 0. 1M, 0. 05M, 0.025M silver nitrate solutions were prepared from 0. 4M silver nitrate solution by dilution. 4. The silver electrode was cleaned with a gumption paper. 5. The circuit was connected as the diagram below. 6. The e. m. f. was recorded when the data shown was stable. 7. The above steps (4-6) were repeated with 0. 2M, 0. 1M, 0. 05M, 0. 025M silver nitrate solutions. Safety Precaution capital nitrate harmful and oxidizing 1) Poisonous if swallowed or inhaled 2) Skin contact with silver nitrate solid or solutions is likely to leave silver stains on the skin. Barium nitrate is poisonous and really harmful if swallowed.It is also a strong oxidizer, so may be hazardous if mixed with inflammable materials. Experimental Set-upResults Ag+/M logAg+ E/V 0. 4 -0. 398 0. 023 0. 2 -0. 699 0. 005 0. 1 -1 -0. 030 0. 05 -1. 301 -0. 050 0. 025 -0. 025 -0. 053 Graph of E against logAg+(aq) Calculation When the reaction reaches equilibrium, both forward and cacuminal reactions proceed to the same extent. This means that both the half cell reactions would soak up the same potential to proceed, so that the net e. m. f of the cell =0 volt at equilibrium.From the graph, the x-intercept is logAg+(aq)=-0.72, hence,Ag+(aq)eqm=0. 1905 Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) Fe3+ ( aq) + Ag(s) KC= Fe3+ (aq)/ Ag+(aq) Fe2+(aq) =0. 1/ (0. 1905X0. 1) =5. 2493(mol2dm-6) 5. 25(mol2dm-6) Conclusion The equilibrium constant for the reaction between Fe2+/Fe3+ and Ag+ is 5. 25 mol2dm-6. Discussion(for both parts) 1. accomplishable Errors -The electrodes (Cu(s),Pb(s),Ag(s)) were not cleaned very well with a sand paper so that they are not conducting electricity in all parts. The e. m. f. measured may hence be underestimated. -The same ammonium nitrate/gelatine salt bridge was used several times in part II of experiment.Ions of previous measurement may remain in the salt bridge and change the concentration of ions in the next measurement. -The apparatus including pipettes, beakers and volumetric flask may not be washed to be very clean. The error in concentration may be enormous when handling very dilute solutions (e. g. 0. 001M, 0. 0001M, 0. 025M) -The electrode touched the salt bridge once so that the trueness of measurement of e. m. f. was affected. The solution is no t exactly passed. -Air gap may be present in the ammonium nitrate/ gelatine salt bridge, increase the resistance of ion migration. 2.Difference in effect of ion concentration on electrical potential of cell -In part A, the cell e. m. f. increases as Pb2+(aq) decreases. However, in part B, the e. m. f. drops as Ag+(aq). This suggests that when the species is a stronger oxidizing agent in the reaction and undergoes drop-off, the presence of its ions tends to increase the e. m. f. whereas the one which undergoes oxidation tends to reduce the e. m. f. The species with more positive standard reduction potential has a positive effect but the one with less(prenominal) positive potential has a negative effect.Reference Physical alchemy II by TM Leung and CC Lee( p. 295-298 &299-301).

Dental Amalgam and the Risks Essay

What is amalgam?Amalgam is a combination of metals that has been use in tooth doctorry for more than 100 years. It is still commonly used today. Although it sometimes is called silver amalgam, amalgam actually consists of a combination of metals. These include silver, mercury, fanny and copper. Small amounts of zinc, indium or palladium also may be used.How safe is amalgam?Many studies on the safety of amalgam fillings get hold of been get intoe. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated this research. It found no mind to limit the use of amalgam. The FDA concluded that amalgam fillings ar safe for adults and children ages 6 and above.Why is mercury used in amalgam? quicksilver is used in amalgam because it helps contract the filling material pliable. When it is potpourried with an adulteration powder, it creates a compound that is soft enough to mix and press into the tooth. and it also hardens quickly and can withstand the forces of bi case shotg and chewing.Why the business about mercury in amalgam?Everyone is clear to mercury by means of air, drinking water, soil and food. Concerns beat been raised, for instance, about the amount of mercury twist up in fish as a result of pollution. Mercury enters the air from industries that burn mercury-containing fuels. Mercury from all sources can build up in body organs. As with most substances, the degree of harm caused by mercury in the body is related to the amount. Very low levels dont cause any ill effects. At higher levels for instance, when workers are exposed to mercury through their jobs mercury can cause some(prenominal) symptoms. These include anxiety, irritability, memory loss, headaches and fatigue. Studies have shown that the amount of mercury you are exposed to from your fillings is less than the amount that most people are exposed to in their daily environment or in the food they eat. Do some people have reactions to amalgam?In rare cases, people have hypersensit ized reactions to the mercury in amalgam. The American Dental Association says that less than 100 cases of this type of allergy have ever been reported. People allergic to amalgam can receive other filling materials.Should pregnant women be concerned about amalgam feelings?Research has non shown any health effects from amalgam fillings in pregnant women. However, mercury can queer the placenta. In general, dentists advise pregnant women to avoid unnecessary dental care. Women should not get amalgam fillings during pregnancy. Dentists can suggest other materials for any pregnant woman who needs a cavity filled. If amalgam is safe, why does my dentist take precautions when handling it?Because dentists work with mercury almost every day, they must(prenominal) take safety precautions. Without protection, dentists can inhale mercury vapors. Over time, this pic can produce symptoms of mercury toxicity.How is dental amalgam made?To make dental amalgam, dentists mix liquid mercury wi th a powder containing silver, tin and other metals. Dentists buy special encloses that contain the powder and the liquid mercury, scattered by a membrane. They use special machinery to puncture the membrane and mix the amalgam while it is still in the capsule. Once mixing is complete, the capsule is opened. By the time the amalgam is placed in your tooth, the mercury has create a compound with the other metals. It is no longer toxic.

Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay

In psychology, answers to our questions be not as succinct as in former(a) types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the fundamental epistemology employ. This essay seeks to define and examine the handle of soft and quantitative enquiry. It will address the contrary epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and fix to give you a brief overview of the two main(prenominal) look for methods underlying scientific knowledge. soft investigate is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative query That is, it does not involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of objectivity that characterises the quantitative onset. While quantitative research aims to categorize musicians in numerical form by creating statistical models to answer unique(predicate) hypothesises Qualitative research does not start with a specific hypothesis, kind of it seeks to generalise behaviours, and experiences (McQueen & Knussen, 2013, p.422). Qualitative research workers tend to operate under different epistemological beliefs than that of quantitative tecs. Unlike quantitative detectives who use fixed instruments with little flexibility, Qualitative researchers allow questions to emanate and reshape themselves as the research unfolds (Krauss, 2005, p. 759).The qualitative researcher is engaged in the world they investigate, creating an unstructured and reflective element to the research, where the researchers knowledge, affective interactions, and past experiences all form a part of the research (Ponterotto, 2010, p.583). check to Guba and Lincoln (as cited in Ponterotto, 2005, p.128) there are four main research paradigms postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism and the critical-ideological and positivism perspective. Of these four paradigms, positivism is solely adopted in the quantitative mount, whereas the three remaining paradigms are utilised in the qualitative approach (Ponterotto, 2010, p.581). Postpositivism is based on c ritical realism, and uses traditional qualitative methods, in as quantifiable manner as is possible.Post electropositives believe that although there is a existence independent of benevolent consciousness, one rear end never truly transport an objective view of this reality (Ponterotto, 2005, p.129). Postpositivists maintain that although the researcher may set about some influence on the research, the maintenance of objectivity remains authoritative in the research process (Ponterotto, 2005, p.131). Whilst the postpositive paradigm adopts a change dualist/objectivist approach, the constructivism-interpretivism paradigm is based on relativism. Constructivists consider reality to be experienced differently by each individual, as opposed to be an international and singular reality. (Ponterotto, 2005, p.129). Ponterotto (2005) considers the constructivist paradigm as transactional and subjective, making the interaction in the midst of the researcher and participant cardinal i n capturing the lived experience with the researcher and participant, together, construct the findings from their interactions (Ponterotto, 2005, p.129-131). the like constructivists, the criticalists conclude that reality is constructed within a social-historical context, the difference being, that criticalists conceive reality through power relations and use their research to understand victims of burdensomeness and seek to uncover structures of power (Ponterotto, 2005, p.130-131).The researchers encourages chance a key role, as participant empowerment and emancipation are the researchers object. Relationships between researchers and participants are subjective and transactional with the relationship being dialectic in nature (Ponterotto, 2005, p.130-131). In contrast to the qualitative paradigms, the main feature of quantitative research is that it mirrors the natural sciences by adopting a positivist approach which is dualist and objective in nature. Positivism assumes the hypothetico-deductive method, that is, researchers start out with a research question and hypothesis, and then formulate a way of amount or proving it (Ponterotto, 2005, p.128). Ponterotto (2005) boost states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of covariants that stool be expressed as mathematical formulas to determine functional relationships. These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches. Methodology refers to the processes and procedures of the research. inquiry methods used embarrass observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and synopsis of text (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132).Observational research is non-experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing behaviour. It offer be unstructured, semi-structured, structured, participant or non-participant (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and cultural barr iers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the researcher gains access to information they normally wouldnt have. Observation is typically used in qualitative research, but tolerate be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). As with observation, interviews and focus groups mess be structured, semi-structured and unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape recordings to improve entropy tint. Interviewing allows the researcher to guide and prompt things that we cannot observe, it too allows us to get an correspondence of the participants account of the phenomenon (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.86). Some limitations can be the use of fainthearted questions, and excessive prompting and questioning by the interviewer, which can distort the whole step of data.Interviewing is typically utilised in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research utilise closed end questions (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.86). Another form of methodological analysis is that of shell studies which are an in insight observations of a single subject, or a small group of individuals. Case studies are deemed helpful in trying to understand complex mental phenomenon that either are not well understood or cannot be replicated experimentally (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2012 p.55). Two concerns of using this methodology is observer bias and generalisability repayable to the small sample size, however, this can be overcome by using a multi-case- field method. This methodology is typically used in qualitative research, however, can also be used in quantitative research (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2012 p.55). As with case studies, questionnaires and surveys are a form of descriptive research. It involves questions about behaviours and beliefs using a larger sample size (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.96). One limitation is the neediness of interpretive opportunity, and unintended systemic bias.Surveys and questionnaires are largely used in quantitative research using close ended questions, but can be used in qualitative research using ease up ended questions. (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.96). The main difference between the fields of study pop when we look at the methodologies of data analysis. Frost (2011) identifies four main methods of data analysis inqualitative research, these are grounded theory, interpretive phenomenology (IPA), discourse analysis, and muniment analysis. Grounded theory entails creating categories and themes and then conducting comparative analysis to generate hypothesis. IPA analyses data by endeavouring to make sense of the participants experiences by coding reoccurring patterns and meanings passim the text. Discourse analysis involves analysing and deconstructing spoken, written, or any significant semiotic solvent and assigning meaning to it. Narrative analysis focuses on the way heap use stories to interpret and give meaning to the world and provides a useful way for the researcher to explore and describe realities (Frost, 2011, p. 19-94).Two other forms of methodology commonly used, but not discussed here, are ethnography and action research. (McQueen & Knussen, 2013, pp.430-433). Conversely, the amount of money concepts of quantitative research are generalizability, reliability, objective measurement, and validity, coupled with three types of research methods including correlational designs, experimental designs, and descriptive designs (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp.91-108). Whereas correlation and descriptive designs involves identifying the relationship between two variables, experimental designs allow researchers to make claims of casual inference, which looks at which variable is the cause and which is the effect (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp.91-108). Quantitative data is analysed using statistical analysis which is made up of descriptive a nd inferential statistics, and include the, T-test, correlation, standard deviation, mode, mean, and median value and chi-square (VanderStoep & Johnson, 2008 pp47-100). In summary, qualitative and quantitative research methods have a pickle to offer in psychological research, but with every research approach there are strengths and weaknesses. Whilst some theorists argue that psychological research can be distorted by subjectiveness, others argue that not all human behaviour and thinking is always strictly logical.Whilst qualitative methods are more time consuming and harder to carry out, they emphasise validity and data quality and while quantitative methods are often thought of as located and providing limited data, it ensures reliability (Hayes, 2000 pp. 169-170). It can be seen from the above discussion that different research questions, require different research approaches. Susan ONeill (1999) conducted a qualitative case study to examine facets of a womens personality and subjectivity in her interpretation of sustenance with OCD. The research was conducted in two semi-structured interviews. In the first interview the participant was asked to tell her story about living with OCD. A discursive analysis was then conducted on the narrative and presented to her in the second interview she was then asked to analyse her reactions to the analysis and provide further clarifications, which identified different aspects of personality of OCD sufferers not previously identified. This study demonstrates the value of using reflexive interviews in order to get a deeper understanding of the participant. In contrast, a study conducted by Porche et al. (2012) in which cognitive carrying out was tested in methadone patients would not be suitable for qualitative methods. This research utilised tasks to measure psychomotor performance, memory, attention and executive function. collectable to the nature of the research and measurement tools used, it would only be suitabl e to set out this research as quantitative. In conclusion psychological researchers should clearly understand the studys purpose and lasts before looking at methodology and paradigms to ensure they use a paradigm suitable for the research goal or even consider using mixed research designs. It is also important to understand that the quality of the research is anchored to the correct use or combination of research paradigms, which ultimately should complement and support the research goal (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132).ReferencesBurton, L., Westen, D., & Kowalski, R. (2012). psychological science 3rd Australian and New Zealand edition. Brisbane John Wiley & Sons. Frost, N. (2011). Qualitative research methods in psychology Combining core approaches. Retrieved from http//www.eblib.com Hayes, N. (2000). Doing psychological research. Buckingham Open University Press. Krauss, S. E. (2005). look for paradigms and meaning making A primer. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 758-770. Retrieved fro mhttp//www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR10-4/krauss.pdfMcQueen, R. A., & Knussen, C. (2013). Introduction to research methods and statistics in psychology A practical guide for the undergraduate researcher (2nd ed.). Harlow Pearson rearing Limited. Oneill, S. (1999). Livingwith obsessive-compulsive disorder A case study of a womans construction of self. Counselling Psychology every quarter 12(1) 73-86. inside 10.1080/09515079908254079 Ponterotto, J. G. (2002). Qualitative research methods The fifth force in psychology. The management Psychologist, 30(3) 394-406. doi 10.1177/0011000002303002 Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52(2), 126-136. doi10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126 Ponterotto, J. G. (2010). Qualitative research in multicultural psychology philosophic underpinnings, popular approaches, and ethical considerations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psycholo gy, 16(4), 581-58. doi10.1037/a0012051 Porche, H. K., Umbricht, A., Klevkamp, B. A., Vandrey, R., Strain, E. C., Bigelow, G. E., & Mintzer, M. Z. (2012). Comparison of cognitive performance in methadone maintenance patients with and without flow cocaine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124 (1-2) 167-171. doi 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.009 Wellington, J. & Szczerbinski, M. (2007). Research methods for the social sciences. Retrieved from http//www.eblib.com VanderStoep, S.W., &Johnson, D. D. (2008). Research methods for everyday life blending qualitative and quantitative approaches. Retrieved from http//www.eblib.com

Deutsche Brauerei Essay

Deutsche Brauerei was founded in 1737 and has been in the Schweitzer family for 12 gene rations. The ships gild draws quality beer and has won awards over the stratums and is owned enti rely by 16 uncles, aunts and cousins. In 1998, Deutsche Brauerei expanded into Ukraine. disdain the Russian debt crisis, the popularity of Deutsches beer festeringd its gross r eveue greatly and within common chord categorys of launch, Ukrainian consumers musical scoreed for 28% of Deutsches gross gross gross revenue. Further to a greater extent than, most of the unit festering in sales during that time period was besides contributed by Ukraine.In an attempt to market the beer level off more aggressively, Lukas hired Oleg Pinchuk, a marketing guy who understood the Ukrainian markets and had previous experience of marketing beer for a study Ukrainian beer producer. In the following report, we posture to evaluate the ultimo and prospective monetary performance of the company, div idend insurance and to critique its liberal reference work and document policies. An appropriate compensation stratagem will too be recommended. Adoption of a Compensation Scheme for Oleg PinchukIt is our belief that Oleg Pinchuk does deserve an development in his compensation package to nominate incentive for him to stay and provide future results. His strategies for setting up infrastructure in the Ukraine watch been enthronization trustamental to the companys sales growth. We argon alike concerned that several(prenominal)(prenominal) of his flowing policies may not be expediency satisfactory and are pickings on too much risk as the economy shows signs of a recession. Also, we proudly recommend that the design of the compensation package be changed as it currently creates a tumid agency problem. In 1998, Deutsche Brauerei employed Oleg Pinchuk as the Companys Sales and Marketing Manager.Previously Pinchuk has worked for a major beer producer in the Ukraine giving him invaluable insight into the industry and environment. The important goals he was placed with was to market Deutsche Brauereis beer more aggressively fleck fetching advantage of the tumid opportunities existing in Central and east Europe. Our beer almost sells itself discount pricing and heavy advertising are unwarranted. The repugn is getting people to try it and getting into a distribution pipeline. Pinchuk quoted. ab initio in 1998, Ukraine had no beer distributors, presenting a large problem the company had no soakeds of distributing the product amongst ustomers. Distributors in the Ukraine had no enceinte and could not get under ones skin support from banks to set up their business beca employment they had no collateral, low lolly, oppose bullion flows and were seen as a high risk. They were also not able to bear the belief rating stipulations that were currently implemented on the German distributors. This is where Pinchuks strategies have been essential f or our expansion into the Ukraine. Pinchuk, on a blue budget, managed to organise five distributors and set up warehouse arrangements.He relaxed the credit policy for the Ukraine distributors from 2% 10, gestate 40 to 2% 10, salary 80 essentially financing their business and making it possible for them to set up and operate. Carrying a substantial part of the distributors inventory also took pressure and addresss away from the distributors while making it possible to suffice rapidly to changes in demand. These strategies have increased customers in the Ukraine from 0 to 211, with even more expected in 2001. For Olegs strategies to be implemented, the business has consume large work capital investments.Particularly in bills receivable where eld in receivables is nearly 90 days. We believe that Pinchuks synopsis of the breakput on investment has been overstated because he hasnt taken into account the investments in inventory and capital expenditure that would also be inviteed. submit 3 shows our adjusted epitome of the return that the business is receiving after taking into account changes in inventories and capital expenditure. We assumed that 85% of changes in inventory and 90% in capital expenditure were attributed to investment in the Ukraine. These assumptions are explained in the exhibit.Our results still produce a high return of 42% in the year 2000 which is much higher than the cost of financing semipermanent debt at 6. 5%. Notably, these investments are forged and the company necessitate to compare the return to their risk adjusted cost of capital for the Ukraine and not the cost of financing the debt to see if it is worthwhile. Exhibit 4 gives a good analysis of how these policies have affected the business performance and situation. Although sales growth has been consistently large, operational profit rim has go downd overall since his strategies were implemented.Return on equity and net assets have increased and in the year 2 000 were 10. 3% and 8. 4% respectively. This is a good result for the business and shows efficient wariness of assets. It seems that Pinchuks strategies were possibly harmful to the business by littleen the profit valuation account and taking on a lot of risk. It is our belief that the credit policy should not be relaxed and could even be tightened to less than 80 days. Unfortunately, cut risk by tightening the policy would be come with by a decrease in sales.Although Pinchuks strategies have been potentially damaging, we do believe that he deserves an increase in his salary for expanding the company despite facing thorny conditions. His current compensation package is a base salary of EUR40,000 plus an incentive palmment of 0. 5 % of sales growth. The current compensation package provides Pinchuk with an incentive to pursue projects that are risky to the company like extending large credit to distributors who are unable to gestate it back. This would increase sales, thus increasing his salary, but would have a invalidating effect on both profits and the company.His incentive earnings needs to be aimed more at collection and profits rather than sales growth. Our recommendation is to increase his base salary to EUR50,000 and have his incentive payment tied to annual profits (0. 6% of the annual increase in profits). However, in our recommended fiscal plan for 2001, there is a communicate net profit of EUR 2,712,000. This is a decrease in profits from the previous year and would imply that Pinchuk would receive no incentive payment for 2001. Hopefully this would impress him to increase the following years profits by rewriting his marketing and collection strategies. analytic thinking of Dividend Declaration Traditionally, DB pays out 75% from earnings as dividends each year to shareholders. At the moment, the company has a cash shortage as it is holding high levels of inventory and is highly relaxed in credit marges for their Ukrainian distributo rs. Paying out dividends at 75% would mean increasing debt in order for the company to fund their proposed investment in a new plant. This would add seam on the already huge short-term debt that they have taken on. The possibility of a fiscal downturn in 2001 adds to the uncertainty of an increase in profits as projected in the financial plan.Guaranteeing that the company will pay out EUR698,000 in dividends might be too risky. Rather than rely on more bank espousals, Deutsche Brauerei should retain more earnings to cover their bank acceptations and to also finance their future investments and projects. In addition, should there be a financial crisis, the maintained earnings would sponsor to cushion the continue from the crisis. As most of the shareholders are older members of the Schweitzer family, and are retirees who depend on the dividend payout, cut the dividend payout might cause some upset. However, paying out a dividend percentage of 75% is causing more harm to the com pany.By reducing this percentage to 60%, the company is able to retain 40% of their net profits for reinvestment and financing future projects. These retained earnings would also swear out ease the problem of their current cash shortage. Dividend Payout 50% 60% 75% 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 Net Income 2712 3439 2712 3439 2712 3439 Dividends 1356 1720 1627 2063 2034 2579 Retention of Earnings 1356 1720 1085 1376 678 860 The table above shows the changes in retained earnings according to the changes in dividend percentages the higher the dividend payout, the lower the retained earnings.It is recommended that, in the first quarter of 2001, the company should pay out the same sum up of dividends which the shareholders received in 2000 (EUR 546, 500). It should be explained that if the forecast for 2001 is correct, and there is no financial crisis, the shareholders can expect a larger dividend payout in the next quarter. From our recommended financial plan (i. e. net profi t is EUR 2,712,000), paying out dividends of 60% would mean that the shareholders can expect to receive a payout of EUR 406,800 in the second quarter.Analysis of Deutsche Brauereis 2001 Financial Budget One of the main concerns for Deutsche Brauereis financial budget for 2001 is its heavy reliance on short-term debt financing. This is mainly imputable to operating strategies, policies, large sales growth, dividends and capital expenditure being financed through with(predicate) working capital. These have all attributed in draining the companys cash and causing the business to finance the investment through working capital using short-term borrowing. The overall reliance on debt financing has stayed around 42% (debt/total capital ratio, Exhibit 4).The main borrowing used by Deutsche Brauerei has been short-term debt, so the company has incurred a large cash drain. Short-term debt requires fast repayments to be made and normally blame a higher interest rate than what is charged on s emipermanent debts. Short-term bank borrowings have increased dramatically from 1997 to 2000 and are projected to increase further in 2001 and 2002 (Exhibit 1). As for presbyopic-term debt, it has been steadily decreasing since 1997, further showing Deutsche Brauereis heavy reliance on short-term debt as their main source of financing.The 80-day credit policy given to Ukraine distributors has resulted in large increases in sales and accounts receivables. Exhibit 4 shows a large growth rate in sales and receivables mainly from the Ukraine. In 1998, accounts receivable in the Ukraine were EUR 424,000 and by 2000 have dramatically increased to EUR 6,168,000. In comparability with Germany, the Ukraine accounts receivable has grown at an extremely large rate. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the new Ukrainian sales are on credit. The credit policy gives distributors 80 days to pay, but in reality, in 1999 and 2000, the days in receivables was 85. and 87. 1 respectively. The fact that it is taking such long periods of time to receive cash from sales is forcing Deutsche Brauerei to finance working capital in other ways such as short-term borrowing. The company also holds a large amount of inventory for the Ukraine distributors. This requires extra investment in inventory and that this inventory is held for long-lived. This results in it taking even longer to receive cash from our investment, thus increasing the already stretched cash variation cycle. Exhibit 1C shows that Deutsche Brauereis inventories have been steady right up until 1999 and have approximately doubled.The large dividend payout ratio has also resulted in the increased use of short term financing. Although the business has substantial profits to pay out these dividends, the cash is already tied up and these payouts have required more short term financing. The business 25% plough back ratio is not sufficient for reinvestment, requiring even more future borrowing to pay for capital expend iture. Capital expenditure of EUR 7 million has been forecasted for both 2001 and 2002, requiring even more short-term borrowing. To prevent large cash drainage in the up advent years, Deutsche Brauerei needs to re-evaluate their debt financing choices.Long-term debt should be considered as an substitute(a) to short term debt. Not only will this decrease the strain on the companys cash, it will also allow for the investment in a new plant and equipment for 2001 because of the availability of funds. Long term debt can also be used in 2002 as a source of financing for the proposed new warehouse. Since the cost of the warehouse is easily high (EUR 6. 8 million), it would be unwise to finance it using short term debt, thus, long term debt would be the appropriate choice. Proposed Amendments to 2001 Financial BudgetTo produce more accurate predictions for the coming year, there are some amendments that need to be made to Pinchuks forecasts and assumptions. Firstly, in Pinchuks financia l plan, sales growth in Germany and Ukraine were projected to be 3% and 45% respectively. Germanys growth is believed to be a fair representation but the predicted sales growth for the Ukraine seems to be overestimated. New projects initially have large growths per year but they also decrease rapidly. In 1999, actual sales growth for the Ukraine was 312% but in 2001, Ukraines actual sales growth was 47%.Therefore, for the year 2001, it is believed that sales growth should decrease to a figure considerably less than 45%, for example, 30%. Also, the operating margins seem to be optimistically high at 7%. An average of the operating profit margin from the past 4 years is 6. 88%. This is possibly still too high in comparison to Germany and Ukraines operating margins of 6. 10% in 2000. Our recommendation is to use 6. 1% again for 2001 because you would not expect operating profit margin to increase if the predicted global recession occurs.We have also changed the dividend payout policy t o a recommended 60% as explained earlier in the dividend contract bridge section. Increasing the credit policy in the Ukraine to 90 days could be seen as a very risky strategy to pursue peculiarly with the current signs of a global financial crisis. Sales would increase in terms of accounts receivable but the company already stands to lose a lot of money if distributors start to default. A financial crisis would cripple the distributors in the Ukraine and they would be forced to default their accounts.It is suggested that the policy should be left at 80 days to prevent that potential loss. It is also suggested that earnings for tentative debts should be increased from 2% to 6% to account for the potential recession. As mentioned earlier, it would be wise to tighten the policy rather than let it increase to 90 days in 2001. A aesthesia analysis on security deposit and net profit was undertaken in Exhibit 2C, the purpose of this analysis is to determine how net profit would chang e given our assumption for the grant of doubtful debt. Pinchuk assumed in his projections that the allowance percentage for the year 2001 is leaving to be 2%.However, it is believed that this is a considerably low percentage and should be increased to 6% to account for the potential recession as mentioned above. Our predisposition analysis yielded the following results, in 2001 if the allowance percentage is set at 2%, then net profit would be EUR 3,083,000. On the contrary, if the allowance is set at 6%, net profit will decrease to EUR 2,712,000. We believe that this decrease will account for the potential recession that may strike in 2001. The company is also advised to take on some long-term borrowing as well as reducing their investment in working capital.This will reduce the reliance on short-term borrowing. It is believed that the firm should get a long-term loan of EUR 14 million because under our assumptions, it would reduce short term borrowings to EUR880,000 which is s ignificantly less than the firms forecasted cash of EUR12 million. This would get rid of the firms short-term borrowing reliance and greatly enhance the firms liquidity. Exhibit 2D shows a sensitivity analysis of the effect of changing the quantity of long-term debt and the effect dividend policy has on short-term borrowing required in 2001.Keeping the current dividend policy of 75% and under the assumption the firm borrowed EUR 14 million, short-term borrowing would be EUR 1,292,000. Reducing the payout to our recommended ratio of 60% would reduce short-term borrowing to EUR 881,000. Reducing the ratio to below 30% would eliminate the need for short-term borrowing in 2001. Though due to the large quantities of cash the firm has, eliminating short-term debt completely is redundant. Exhibit 1A shows our forecast of Deutsche Brauereis income and symmetry sheet for 2001.We believe that net income for 2001 will be just over EUR 2,712,000 which is about EUR 1 million less than Pinchuks forecast. We have corporal all our suggestions of policy changes including a long-term loan which will help finance the planned capital expenditure for 2001 as well as fix the current cash problem. Recommendations for Deutsche Brauerei Firstly, in regards to a compensation scheme for Oleg Pinchuk, it is recommended that his base salary of EUR 40,000 to EUR 50,000. Also, instead of having his incentive payment be 0. % of sales growth, it is suggested that the incentive payment be 0. 6% of annual growth in profits. This implies that Pinchuk might need to reconsider his marketing and collection strategies. However, it is believed that this would give him the indigence to increase profits every year and this is beneficial to both him and the company. after our analysis on dividend payouts, it is recommended that the company reduce the dividend payout ratio from 75% to 60%. This would enable the company to retain more earnings for future investments and also to cover their short-term bo rrowings.This also improves their current cash shortage situation. Lastly, it is recommended that several changes be made to Pinchuks proposed financial budget for 2001. Instead of a predicted growth rate of 45% for sales in the Ukraine, it is recommended that a more conservative figure of 30% is used. Also, instead of using an operating margin of 7% for both Germany and Ukraine, an operating margin of 6. 10% should be adopt for 2001. In addition, instead of relaxing credit terms from 80 days to 90 days, the company should keep it at 80 days and aim to reduce that in the future.It is also advised that the company take on a long-term loan of EUR 14 million for the building of the warehouse. Lastly, it is recommended that the allowance for doubtful debts be increased from 2% to 6%. These proposed changes take into account the possible recession that may take place in the coming year. Overall, Deutsche Brauerei has been successful in its expansion into the Ukrainian market despite dif ficult conditions. With slight changes to their current strategies, the company has the potential to achieve even greater success.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic commerce, popularly known as the triangular or transatlantic raft, began in the 15th century. It became more popular when a peculiar but wholesome paying commodity replaced gold.This was hard black marketer hatful in and its popularity increased in the seventeenth and 18th century. The explosive slave trade emanated from an insatiable need for a work force in European empires. The names triangular and transatlantic trades come from the shape it made on the map (Evans, 2010).Atlantic Slave vocation Course In the European perspective, slavery was the outmatch business they ever did around the 17th and 18th century. Many ships docked at her harbors loaded with slaves who were the just about profitable commodity. They boosted her economy to bulky heights.The slave trade formed a trade route that was to the highest degree profitable the Atlantic slave trade. The trades system was a triangle where the following took place Ships left Europe for Africa with trade goods, which were exchanged with slaves. The ships would thusly head to America with the slaves and sell them there. The ships would then redress to Europe with agricultural products such as rum, sugar, cotton, and tobacco (See attached image) (Mbamara, 2006).Africans were the best workforce since they were immune to many tropical diseases. They were also experienced in the jobs the Europeans had for them. These involved cattle keeping, and agriculture. They were also accustomed to troublesome labor.This made the trade grow, as the Europeans required them in large numbers. The transatlantic trade was most important to the Europeans since every stop translated into huge profits. Slave trade was understandably immoral but the profits it came with subdued these concerns. Some of the activities the slaves carried out include sugar production, mining, as well as the harvesting of tobacco, cotton, and coffee. (Mbamara, 2006).Africans on the early(a)wise hand were into this thriving t rade whereby they sold their own. They however made it hard for the Europeans to penetrate their land as they had erected a military power. The Europeans on the other hand fe ard penetrating Africa as they feared the tropical diseases. There existed African merchants who were assure by the Europeans to pull them slaves from the interior.The coast had few slaves and Europeans had to spend months trying to get enough slaves for their shiploads (Klein, 2010). The Africans put barriers and this left the Europeans with no choice but unruffled trade. The Africans went ahead to hike their demands on the Europeans. They introduced local taxes for anyone who wished to purchase slaves. This way, they were in all-inclusive control of their market.This forced the Europeans to cough up to 375 per ship and only then would they be permitted to trade. This amount covered a munificent tax, pay for royal officials and interpreters. They then had to pay an exportation tax. These taxes were subjec t to fluctuations in demand and supply. Africans capitalized on this trade by selling water and other supplies to the Europeans who would spend months at the coast negotiating for the slaves. The largest numbers of slaves were provided by the Whydah and the Dahomey (Klein, 2010).In 1807, a law to end slave trade in Britain and other powers involved in the trade was passed. By 1833, all slaves had been emancipated and sent back to their homelands. In 1815, France withdrew from slave trade and other powers followed suit. Around the 19th century, the Atlantic slave trade had diminished.Historians speculate that the frugal factors that led to the step-down of the slave trade are that the plantations they worked in had become unproductive economically. They also feel that may be Britain had made enough money and was thus becoming independent. This may meet made slave trade less appealing to the home economy (Hardy, 2005).ConclusionThe transatlantic slave trade was beneficial to both the Europeans and the Africans chiefs and kings. The Europeans got a work force for their plantations and mines. They also benefited from agricultural products from America. The African royalties got revenue out of the slaves they sold. The decline of the transatlantic trade is partially attributed to abolishment of slave trade and economic incentives. However, the slave trade was demeaning to the human race and it is a great thing to scrap it off regardless of the reasons behind it.